<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<compound>
  <version>1.0</version>
  <creation_date>2016-05-25 03:28:21 UTC</creation_date>
  <update_date>2026-08-25 08:40:52 UTC</update_date>
  <accession/>
  <common_name>Gemcitabine</common_name>
  <class>SmallMolecule</class>
  <description>Gemcitabine is an organic compound with the formula C9H11F2N3O4 and an average molecular weight of 263.20 g/mol. Gemcitabine belongs to the pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosides, a subclass of pyrimidine nucleosides within the organic compounds. This compound is found in or released from three recorded sources: household cleaning &amp; consumer products (soap dispensers), electrical &amp; electronic equipment (antennas), and healthcare, pharmaceuticals &amp; veterinary products (antineoplastic agents). Recorded exposure routes include intravesical and intravenous administration.

The protein targets for gemcitabine include UMP-CMP kinase (CMPK1), thymidylate synthase (TYMS), ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase large subunit (RRM1), and ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase subunit M2 (RRM2), for which it acts as an inhibitor. Gemcitabine is used as a treatment for cancer (PMC11427732, PMC3539408, PMC7008091), including breast cancer (PMC11427732, PMC9996316), ovarian cancer (PMC11427732, PMC9384137, PMC9996316), colon cancer (PMC9996316), lung cancer (PMC3528174), and angiosarcoma (PMC12591960, PMC5102718). It is specifically used for pancreatic cancer (PMC10003701, PMC11086401, PMC11655426, PMC1492602, PMC5673481, PMC6437009, PMC8002168) and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PMC3565043, PMC9514225). Additionally, it has a therapeutic effect on lymphoma (PMC7226512) and pancreatic cancer (PMC7226512).</description>
  <categories/>
  <types>
    <type>Human Neurotoxin</type>
  </types>
  <synonyms/>
  <chemical_formula>C9H11F2N3O4</chemical_formula>
  <average_molecular_weight>263.1981</average_molecular_weight>
  <monisotopic_moleculate_weight>263.071762265</monisotopic_moleculate_weight>
  <iupac_name>4-amino-1-[(2R,4R,5R)-3,3-difluoro-4-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-1,2-dihydropyrimidin-2-one</iupac_name>
  <traditional_iupac>gemcitabine</traditional_iupac>
  <cas_registry_number>95058-81-4</cas_registry_number>
  <smiles>NC1=NC(=O)N(C=C1)[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)C1(F)F</smiles>
  <inchi>InChI=1S/C9H11F2N3O4/c10-9(11)6(16)4(3-15)18-7(9)14-2-1-5(12)13-8(14)17/h1-2,4,6-7,15-16H,3H2,(H2,12,13,17)/t4-,6-,7-/m1/s1</inchi>
  <inchikey>SDUQYLNIPVEERB-QPPQHZFASA-N</inchikey>
  <taxonomy>
    <kingdom>Organic compounds</kingdom>
    <super_class>Nucleosides, nucleotides, and analogues</super_class>
    <class>Pyrimidine nucleosides</class>
    <sub_class>Pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosides</sub_class>
    <direct_parent>Pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosides</direct_parent>
    <alternate_parents>
      <alternative_parent>Alkyl fluorides</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>Aminopyrimidines and derivatives</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>Azacyclic compounds</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>Fluorohydrins</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>Heteroaromatic compounds</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>Hydrocarbon derivatives</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>Hydropyrimidines</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>Imidolactams</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>Organic oxides</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>Organofluorides</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>Organopnictogen compounds</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>Oxacyclic compounds</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>Primary alcohols</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>Primary amines</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>Pyrimidones</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>Secondary alcohols</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>Tetrahydrofurans</alternative_parent>
    </alternate_parents>
    <substituents>
      <substituent>Alcohol</substituent>
      <substituent>Alkyl fluoride</substituent>
      <substituent>Alkyl halide</substituent>
      <substituent>Amine</substituent>
      <substituent>Aminopyrimidine</substituent>
      <substituent>Aromatic heteromonocyclic compound</substituent>
      <substituent>Azacycle</substituent>
      <substituent>Fluorohydrin</substituent>
      <substituent>Halohydrin</substituent>
      <substituent>Heteroaromatic compound</substituent>
      <substituent>Hydrocarbon derivative</substituent>
      <substituent>Hydropyrimidine</substituent>
      <substituent>Imidolactam</substituent>
      <substituent>Organic nitrogen compound</substituent>
      <substituent>Organic oxide</substituent>
      <substituent>Organic oxygen compound</substituent>
      <substituent>Organofluoride</substituent>
      <substituent>Organohalogen compound</substituent>
      <substituent>Organoheterocyclic compound</substituent>
      <substituent>Organonitrogen compound</substituent>
      <substituent>Organooxygen compound</substituent>
      <substituent>Organopnictogen compound</substituent>
      <substituent>Oxacycle</substituent>
      <substituent>Primary alcohol</substituent>
      <substituent>Primary amine</substituent>
      <substituent>Pyrimidine</substituent>
      <substituent>Pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside</substituent>
      <substituent>Pyrimidone</substituent>
      <substituent>Secondary alcohol</substituent>
      <substituent>Tetrahydrofuran</substituent>
    </substituents>
    <molecular_framework>Aromatic heteromonocyclic compounds</molecular_framework>
    <descriptors>
      <descriptor>organofluorine compound</descriptor>
      <descriptor>pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside</descriptor>
    </descriptors>
  </taxonomy>
  <status>Detected and Not Quantified</status>
  <origin/>
  <cellular_locations/>
  <biofluid_locations/>
  <tissue_locations/>
  <pathways>
    <pathway>
      <name>Gemcitabine Action Pathway (old)</name>
      <smpdb_id>SMP0000446</smpdb_id>
      <kegg_map_id/>
    </pathway>
    <pathway>
      <name>Gemcitabine Metabolism Pathway (old)</name>
      <smpdb_id>SMP0000603</smpdb_id>
      <kegg_map_id/>
    </pathway>
    <pathway>
      <name>Gemcitabine Action Pathway</name>
      <smpdb_id>SMP0124514</smpdb_id>
      <kegg_map_id/>
    </pathway>
    <pathway>
      <name>Gemcitabine Drug Metabolism Action Pathway</name>
      <smpdb_id>SMP0142898</smpdb_id>
      <kegg_map_id/>
    </pathway>
  </pathways>
  <state/>
  <appearance/>
  <experimental_properties>
    <property>
      <kind>logp</kind>
      <value>-1.5</value>
    </property>
  </experimental_properties>
  <predicted_properties>
    <property>
      <kind>logp</kind>
      <value>0.14</value>
      <source>ALOGPS</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>logs</kind>
      <value>-1.07</value>
      <source>ALOGPS</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>solubility</kind>
      <value>2.23e+01 g/l</value>
      <source>ALOGPS</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>logp</kind>
      <value>-1.5</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>pka_strongest_acidic</kind>
      <value>11.52</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>pka_strongest_basic</kind>
      <value>-1.3</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>iupac</kind>
      <value>4-amino-1-[(2R,4R,5R)-3,3-difluoro-4-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-1,2-dihydropyrimidin-2-one</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>average_mass</kind>
      <value>263.1981</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>mono_mass</kind>
      <value>263.071762265</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>smiles</kind>
      <value>NC1=NC(=O)N(C=C1)[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)C1(F)F</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>formula</kind>
      <value>C9H11F2N3O4</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>inchi</kind>
      <value>InChI=1S/C9H11F2N3O4/c10-9(11)6(16)4(3-15)18-7(9)14-2-1-5(12)13-8(14)17/h1-2,4,6-7,15-16H,3H2,(H2,12,13,17)/t4-,6-,7-/m1/s1</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>inchikey</kind>
      <value>SDUQYLNIPVEERB-QPPQHZFASA-N</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>polar_surface_area</kind>
      <value>108.38</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>refractivity</kind>
      <value>53.25</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>polarizability</kind>
      <value>21.45</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>rotatable_bond_count</kind>
      <value>2</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>acceptor_count</kind>
      <value>6</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>donor_count</kind>
      <value>3</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>physiological_charge</kind>
      <value>0</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>formal_charge</kind>
      <value>0</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
  </predicted_properties>
  <route_of_exposure/>
  <mechanism_of_toxicity/>
  <metabolism/>
  <toxicity/>
  <lethaldose/>
  <carcinogenicity/>
  <use_source/>
  <min_risk_level/>
  <health_effects>#&lt;HealthEffect::ActiveRecord_Associations_CollectionProxy:0x00007f3baec22950&gt;</health_effects>
  <symptoms/>
  <treatment/>
  <drugbank_id>DB00441</drugbank_id>
  <hmdb_id/>
  <pubchem_compound_id>60750</pubchem_compound_id>
  <chembl_id/>
  <chemspider_id>54753</chemspider_id>
  <kegg_id/>
  <uniprot_id/>
  <omim_id/>
  <chebi_id/>
  <biocyc_id/>
  <ctd_id/>
  <stitch_id/>
  <actor_id/>
  <pdb_id/>
  <wikipidia/>
  <general_references/>
  <targets>
    <target>
      <target_id/>
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      <target_id>BE0000325</target_id>
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    <target>
      <target_id>BE0000637</target_id>
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      <target_id>BE0000324</target_id>
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      <target_id>BE0002450</target_id>
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  </targets>
</compound>
