<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<compound>
  <version>1.0</version>
  <creation_date>2016-05-26 00:08:54 UTC</creation_date>
  <update_date>2026-04-17 19:49:16 UTC</update_date>
  <accession/>
  <common_name>(±)-Malic acid</common_name>
  <class>SmallMolecule</class>
  <description>(±)-Malic acid is an organic compound with the chemical formula C4H6O5 and an average molecular weight of 134.09 g/mol. (±)-Malic acid belongs to the beta hydroxy acids and derivatives, a subclass of hydroxy acids and derivatives within the organic compounds.

In industrial applications, the compound serves as a pH regulating agent, a chelating agent, and a nutrient and flavouring agent. It is identified in 24 recorded sources across various sectors. Within the category of food, food processing and cookware, it is found in the preparation of wort, vinegar, and malt, as well as the preparation of wine or sparkling wine and agglomerated sugar products. In the realm of household cleaning and consumer products, it is present in tobacco product cases, tobacco pipes, pipe accessories, other smoking requisites, and non electric simulated smoking devices. Additionally, it is found in building and construction materials, specifically ceilings, and in electrical and electronic equipment, including magnets, emergency protective devices, discharge lamps, contacts, and antennas.</description>
  <categories/>
  <types/>
  <synonyms>
    <synonym>(S)-malate</synonym>
  </synonyms>
  <chemical_formula>C4H6O5</chemical_formula>
  <average_molecular_weight>134.0874</average_molecular_weight>
  <monisotopic_moleculate_weight>134.021523302</monisotopic_moleculate_weight>
  <iupac_name>(2S)-2-hydroxybutanedioic acid</iupac_name>
  <traditional_iupac>(-)-malic acid</traditional_iupac>
  <cas_registry_number>617-48-1</cas_registry_number>
  <smiles>O[C@@H](CC(O)=O)C(O)=O</smiles>
  <inchi>InChI=1S/C4H6O5/c5-2(4(8)9)1-3(6)7/h2,5H,1H2,(H,6,7)(H,8,9)/t2-/m0/s1</inchi>
  <inchikey>BJEPYKJPYRNKOW-REOHCLBHSA-N</inchikey>
  <taxonomy>
    <kingdom>Organic compounds</kingdom>
    <super_class>Organic acids and derivatives</super_class>
    <class>Hydroxy acids and derivatives</class>
    <sub_class>Beta hydroxy acids and derivatives</sub_class>
    <direct_parent>Beta hydroxy acids and derivatives</direct_parent>
    <alternate_parents>
      <alternative_parent>Alpha hydroxy acids and derivatives</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>Carbonyl compounds</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>Carboxylic acids</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>Dicarboxylic acids and derivatives</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>Fatty acids and conjugates</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>Hydrocarbon derivatives</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>Organic oxides</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>Secondary alcohols</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>Short-chain hydroxy acids and derivatives</alternative_parent>
    </alternate_parents>
    <substituents>
      <substituent>Alcohol</substituent>
      <substituent>Aliphatic acyclic compound</substituent>
      <substituent>Alpha-hydroxy acid</substituent>
      <substituent>Beta-hydroxy acid</substituent>
      <substituent>Carbonyl group</substituent>
      <substituent>Carboxylic acid</substituent>
      <substituent>Carboxylic acid derivative</substituent>
      <substituent>Dicarboxylic acid or derivatives</substituent>
      <substituent>Fatty acid</substituent>
      <substituent>Hydrocarbon derivative</substituent>
      <substituent>Organic oxide</substituent>
      <substituent>Organic oxygen compound</substituent>
      <substituent>Organooxygen compound</substituent>
      <substituent>Secondary alcohol</substituent>
      <substituent>Short-chain hydroxy acid</substituent>
    </substituents>
    <molecular_framework>Aliphatic acyclic compounds</molecular_framework>
    <descriptors>
      <descriptor>malic acid</descriptor>
    </descriptors>
  </taxonomy>
  <status>Detected and Not Quantified</status>
  <origin/>
  <cellular_locations/>
  <biofluid_locations/>
  <tissue_locations/>
  <pathways>
    <pathway>
      <name>Citric Acid Cycle</name>
      <smpdb_id>SMP0000057</smpdb_id>
      <kegg_map_id/>
    </pathway>
    <pathway>
      <name>Pyruvate Metabolism</name>
      <smpdb_id>SMP0000060</smpdb_id>
      <kegg_map_id/>
    </pathway>
    <pathway>
      <name>Leigh Syndrome</name>
      <smpdb_id>SMP0000196</smpdb_id>
      <kegg_map_id/>
    </pathway>
    <pathway>
      <name>Pyruvate Decarboxylase E1 Component Deficiency (PDHE1 Deficiency)</name>
      <smpdb_id>SMP0000334</smpdb_id>
      <kegg_map_id/>
    </pathway>
    <pathway>
      <name>Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex Deficiency</name>
      <smpdb_id>SMP0000212</smpdb_id>
      <kegg_map_id/>
    </pathway>
    <pathway>
      <name>Transfer of Acetyl Groups into Mitochondria</name>
      <smpdb_id>SMP0000466</smpdb_id>
      <kegg_map_id/>
    </pathway>
    <pathway>
      <name>Congenital Lactic Acidosis</name>
      <smpdb_id>SMP0000546</smpdb_id>
      <kegg_map_id/>
    </pathway>
    <pathway>
      <name>Fumarase Deficiency</name>
      <smpdb_id>SMP0000547</smpdb_id>
      <kegg_map_id/>
    </pathway>
    <pathway>
      <name>Mitochondrial Complex II Deficiency</name>
      <smpdb_id>SMP0000548</smpdb_id>
      <kegg_map_id/>
    </pathway>
    <pathway>
      <name>2-Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase Complex Deficiency</name>
      <smpdb_id>SMP0000549</smpdb_id>
      <kegg_map_id/>
    </pathway>
    <pathway>
      <name>Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Deficiency (E3)</name>
      <smpdb_id>SMP0000550</smpdb_id>
      <kegg_map_id/>
    </pathway>
    <pathway>
      <name>Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Deficiency (E2)</name>
      <smpdb_id>SMP0000551</smpdb_id>
      <kegg_map_id/>
    </pathway>
    <pathway>
      <name>Primary Hyperoxaluria II, PH2</name>
      <smpdb_id>SMP0000558</smpdb_id>
      <kegg_map_id/>
    </pathway>
    <pathway>
      <name>Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency</name>
      <smpdb_id>SMP0000559</smpdb_id>
      <kegg_map_id/>
    </pathway>
    <pathway>
      <name>Aerobic Glycolysis (Warburg Effect)</name>
      <smpdb_id>SMP0000654</smpdb_id>
      <kegg_map_id/>
    </pathway>
    <pathway>
      <name>The Oncogenic Action of 2-Hydroxyglutarate</name>
      <smpdb_id>SMP0002291</smpdb_id>
      <kegg_map_id/>
    </pathway>
    <pathway>
      <name>The Oncogenic Action of Succinate</name>
      <smpdb_id>SMP0002292</smpdb_id>
      <kegg_map_id/>
    </pathway>
    <pathway>
      <name>The Oncogenic Action of Fumarate</name>
      <smpdb_id>SMP0002295</smpdb_id>
      <kegg_map_id/>
    </pathway>
    <pathway>
      <name>Glutaminolysis and Cancer</name>
      <smpdb_id>SMP0002298</smpdb_id>
      <kegg_map_id/>
    </pathway>
    <pathway>
      <name>The Oncogenic Action of L-2-Hydroxyglutarate in Hydroxyglutaric aciduria</name>
      <smpdb_id>SMP0002358</smpdb_id>
      <kegg_map_id/>
    </pathway>
    <pathway>
      <name>The Oncogenic Action of D-2-Hydroxyglutarate in Hydroxyglutaric aciduria</name>
      <smpdb_id>SMP0002359</smpdb_id>
      <kegg_map_id/>
    </pathway>
    <pathway>
      <name>Tricarboxylic acid cycle</name>
      <smpdb_id>SMP0125522</smpdb_id>
      <kegg_map_id/>
    </pathway>
    <pathway>
      <name>Congenital Lactic Acidosis</name>
      <smpdb_id>SMP0125752</smpdb_id>
      <kegg_map_id/>
    </pathway>
    <pathway>
      <name>Fumarase Deficiency</name>
      <smpdb_id>SMP0125753</smpdb_id>
      <kegg_map_id/>
    </pathway>
    <pathway>
      <name>Mitochondrial Complex II Deficiency</name>
      <smpdb_id>SMP0125754</smpdb_id>
      <kegg_map_id/>
    </pathway>
    <pathway>
      <name>2-Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase Complex Deficiency</name>
      <smpdb_id>SMP0125755</smpdb_id>
      <kegg_map_id/>
    </pathway>
    <pathway>
      <name>Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Deficiency (E3)</name>
      <smpdb_id>SMP0125756</smpdb_id>
      <kegg_map_id/>
    </pathway>
    <pathway>
      <name>Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Deficiency (E2)</name>
      <smpdb_id>SMP0125757</smpdb_id>
      <kegg_map_id/>
    </pathway>
    <pathway>
      <name>Leigh Syndrome</name>
      <smpdb_id>SMP0125770</smpdb_id>
      <kegg_map_id/>
    </pathway>
    <pathway>
      <name>Pyruvate Decarboxylase E1 Component Deficiency (PDHE1 Deficiency)</name>
      <smpdb_id>SMP0125771</smpdb_id>
      <kegg_map_id/>
    </pathway>
    <pathway>
      <name>Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex Deficiency</name>
      <smpdb_id>SMP0125772</smpdb_id>
      <kegg_map_id/>
    </pathway>
    <pathway>
      <name>Primary Hyperoxaluria II, PH2</name>
      <smpdb_id>SMP0125773</smpdb_id>
      <kegg_map_id/>
    </pathway>
    <pathway>
      <name>Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency</name>
      <smpdb_id>SMP0125774</smpdb_id>
      <kegg_map_id/>
    </pathway>
  </pathways>
  <state/>
  <appearance/>
  <experimental_properties/>
  <predicted_properties>
    <property>
      <kind>logp</kind>
      <value>-0.87</value>
      <source>ALOGPS</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>logs</kind>
      <value>0.21</value>
      <source>ALOGPS</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>solubility</kind>
      <value>2.18e+02 g/l</value>
      <source>ALOGPS</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>logp</kind>
      <value>-1.1</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>pka_strongest_acidic</kind>
      <value>3.2</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>pka_strongest_basic</kind>
      <value>-3.9</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>iupac</kind>
      <value>(2S)-2-hydroxybutanedioic acid</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>average_mass</kind>
      <value>134.0874</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>mono_mass</kind>
      <value>134.021523302</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>smiles</kind>
      <value>O[C@@H](CC(O)=O)C(O)=O</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>formula</kind>
      <value>C4H6O5</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>inchi</kind>
      <value>InChI=1S/C4H6O5/c5-2(4(8)9)1-3(6)7/h2,5H,1H2,(H,6,7)(H,8,9)/t2-/m0/s1</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>inchikey</kind>
      <value>BJEPYKJPYRNKOW-REOHCLBHSA-N</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>polar_surface_area</kind>
      <value>94.83</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>refractivity</kind>
      <value>24.88</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>polarizability</kind>
      <value>10.93</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>rotatable_bond_count</kind>
      <value>3</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>acceptor_count</kind>
      <value>5</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>donor_count</kind>
      <value>3</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>physiological_charge</kind>
      <value>-2</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>formal_charge</kind>
      <value>0</value>
      <source>ChemAxon</source>
    </property>
  </predicted_properties>
  <route_of_exposure/>
  <mechanism_of_toxicity/>
  <metabolism/>
  <toxicity/>
  <lethaldose/>
  <carcinogenicity/>
  <use_source/>
  <min_risk_level/>
  <health_effects>#&lt;HealthEffect::ActiveRecord_Associations_CollectionProxy:0x00007f7223259440&gt;</health_effects>
  <symptoms/>
  <treatment/>
  <drugbank_id/>
  <hmdb_id/>
  <pubchem_compound_id>222656</pubchem_compound_id>
  <chembl_id/>
  <chemspider_id>193317</chemspider_id>
  <kegg_id/>
  <uniprot_id/>
  <omim_id/>
  <chebi_id/>
  <biocyc_id/>
  <ctd_id/>
  <stitch_id/>
  <actor_id/>
  <pdb_id/>
  <wikipidia/>
  <general_references/>
  <targets>
    <target>
      <target_id/>
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    </target>
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  </targets>
</compound>
