Vinyl chloride (CED0000004)

Record Information

Version

1.0

Creation Date

2009-03-06 18:57:54 UTC

Update Date

2026-08-22 09:35:10 UTC

Accession Number

CHEM000004

Identification

Common Name

Vinyl chloride

Class

Small Molecule

Description

Vinyl chloride belongs to the vinyl chlorides, a subclass of vinyl halides within the organic compounds. It is an exogenous organohalogen compound with the formula C2H3Cl and an average molecular weight of 62.50 g/mol. At room temperature, it exists as a gas. Industrially, it is used as a monomer and is found in plastics such as Polyvinyl Chloride, Polyamide, Polyethylene Terephthalate, and Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene. It is also identified as an industrial degradant or impurity. Biologically, it acts as a toxin (PMC8724461) and a carcinogenic agent, and it is recognized as an environmental contaminant (PMC6479707). Vinyl chloride is released from 81 recorded sources, including electrical and electronic equipment, building and construction materials, household cleaning and consumer products such as cigarettes, and food processing. It is also found in drinking water, groundwater, seawater, and freshwater. Exposure occurs via touch, oral routes, and inhalation (PMC10531672, PMC1475262, PMC1568845, PMC5407177, PMC8724461). The compound targets various proteins, including estrogen receptors (ESR1, ESR2), causing endocrine disruption. It inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase and Ca2+ and Mg2+ ATPase (including ATP2C1, ATP2A1, and ATP2A2), leading to intracellular free calcium accumulation and central nervous system stimuli propagation. It also antagonizes GABA-A receptors (including GABRA1, GABRA2, GABRA3, and GABRA4), causing CNS hyperexcitability. Additionally, it binds to immunoglobulin G (IGHG1, IGHG2, IGHG4) to initiate autoimmune responses, and its metabolites covalently bind to DNA to cause mutations. Health effects include headache, dizziness, drowsiness (PMC4646043), fatigue (PMC11522587), liver disease (PMC10927210), liver cirrhosis (PMC2262888), and scleroderma (PMC2995912). It is associated with various cancers, including brain cancer (PMC5407177), pancreatic cancer (PMC6394840), breast cancer (PMC11425761, PMC13370602), hepatocellular carcinoma (PMC7868703), lung cancer (PMC10627838, PMC2262888), liver cancer (PMC3499047, PMC5581466, PMC6097626, PMC7149637), and angiosarcoma (PMC11294665, PMC13032647, PMC13370602, PMC1638294, PMC2018292, PMC2262888, PMC5102718, PMC6351118, PMC7067513, PMC7425253).

Contaminant Type

Cigarette Toxin
Household Toxin
Human Neurotoxin
Industrial Precursor/Intermediate
Industrial/Workplace Toxin
Organic Compound
Organochloride
PMT
Pollutant
Synthetic Compound

Chemical Structure

MOL SDF PDB SMILES InChI

Synonyms

Value	Source
Chloroethylene	ChEBI
Chlorure de vinyle	ChEBI
Cloroetileno	ChEBI
Cloruro de vinilo	ChEBI
Ethylene monochloride	ChEBI
Monochloroethene	ChEBI
Monochloroethylene	ChEBI
Monovinyl chloride	ChEBI
VC	ChEBI
Vinylchlorid	ChEBI
Chloride, vinyl	MeSH

Chemical Formula

C₂H₃Cl

Average Molecular Mass

62.498 g/mol

Monoisotopic Mass

61.992 g/mol

CAS Registry Number

75-01-4

IUPAC Name

chloroethene

Traditional Name

vinyl chloride

SMILES

ClC=C

InChI Identifier

InChI=1S/C2H3Cl/c1-2-3/h2H,1H2

InChI Key

BZHJMEDXRYGGRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Chemical Taxonomy

Description

Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as vinyl chlorides. These are vinyl halides in which a chlorine atom is bonded to an sp2-hybridised carbon atom.

Kingdom

Organic compounds

Super Class

Organohalogen compounds

Class

Vinyl halides

Sub Class

Vinyl chlorides

Direct Parent

Vinyl chlorides

Alternative Parents

Substituents

Chloroalkene
Haloalkene
Vinyl chloride
Hydrocarbon derivative
Organochloride
Aliphatic acyclic compound

Molecular Framework

Aliphatic acyclic compounds

External Descriptors

monohaloethene (CHEBI:28509 )
chloroethenes (CHEBI:28509 )
a small molecule (VINYL-CHLORIDE )

Biological Properties

Status

Detected and Not Quantified

Origin

Exogenous

Cellular Locations

Cytoplasm
Extracellular

Biofluid Locations

Not Available

Tissue Locations

Not Available

Applications

Not Available

Biological Roles

Chemical Roles

Not Available

Organoleptic Effects

Not Available

Physical Properties

State

Gas

Appearance

Colorless gas, usually stored as a liquid.

Experimental Properties

Property	Value
Melting Point	-153.7°C
Boiling Point	-13.37 °C
Solubility	8.8 mg/mL at 25 °C [DELASSUS,PT & SCHMIDT,DD (1981)]

Predicted Properties

Property	Value	Source
Water Solubility	6.5 g/L	ALOGPS
logP	1.43	ALOGPS
logP	1.42	ChemAxon
logS	-0.98	ALOGPS
Physiological Charge	0	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count	0	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count	0	ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area	0 Å²	ChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count	0	ChemAxon
Refractivity	14.78 m³·mol⁻¹	ChemAxon
Polarizability	5.56 Å³	ChemAxon
Number of Rings	0	ChemAxon
Bioavailability	Yes	ChemAxon
Rule of Five	Yes	ChemAxon
Ghose Filter	No	ChemAxon
Veber's Rule	Yes	ChemAxon
MDDR-like Rule	No	ChemAxon

Spectra

Spectrum Type	Description	Splash Key	Deposition Date	View
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum	splash10-03fr-9000000000-cca8f8fb8494bd1cf945	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum	Not Available	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-03di-9000000000-cd1df297631e1a165422	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-03di-9000000000-cd1df297631e1a165422	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-03di-9000000000-36421f5fe75dfb1341c2	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-03di-9000000000-6b1c92ce0fdbd22550ac	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-03di-9000000000-f51fccd78cdc9b0d9db4	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-03di-9000000000-40d1f731f008007abaa5	Not Available	View Spectrum
MS	MS Spectrum	splash10-01t9-9000000000-05a88d6b1243ffe92502	Not Available	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, D₂O, predicted)	Not Available	Not Available	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, D₂O, predicted)	Not Available	Not Available	View Spectrum

Toxicity Profile

Mechanism of Toxicity

Vinyl chloride poisoning exhibits many of the characteristics of autoimmune diseases. This is believed to be the result of a reactive vinyl chloride intermediate metabolite binding to an immunoglobulin, altering the protein and initiating an immune response. The metabolites of vinyl chloride, especially choloroethylene oxide, are mutagenic and act by covalently binding to DNA. This produces cyclic etheno-adducts, which cause base-pair transitions during transcription and DNA crosslinks. Metabolites also may cause oxidative stress and affecting tumor supressor genes, as vinyl chloride has been known to produce specific mutations in the p53 and Ki-ras genes. Vinyl chloride metabolites are also believed to exert toxic effects in the liver by covalently binding to liver proteins, resulting in cellular toxicity. (2, 1)

Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification)

1, carcinogenic to humans. (4)

Minimum Risk Level

Acute Inhalation: 0.5 ppm (3) Intermediate Inhalation: 0.03 ppm (3) Chronic Oral: 0.003 mg/kg/day (3)

Symptoms

Symptoms of acute vinyl chloride exposure include headache, nausea, dizziness, and drowsiness, possibly resulting in loss of conciousness, coma or cardiac arrhythmias at higher levels. Chronic exposure can lead to lung and kidney irritation, inhibition of bloodclotting, numbness and pain in the fingers, memory loss, and sleep disurbances. (2)

Treatment

Vinyl chloride has no tested antidote. Poisoning is usually handled by preventing further exposure and treating the observed symptoms. (2)

Toxicity Values

Toxicity Value	Unit	Value Range	Organism	Dose Descriptor	Route of Exposure	Predicted or Experimental	Reference
500.0	mg/kg	Not Available	Rat	LD50	Oral	experimental	T15

Health Effects

Health Effect	Relationship	Direction	Reference
liver angiosarcoma	associated_with	Not Available	PMC1247606 , PMC1638294
lung cancer	associated_with	Not Available	PMC10627838 , PMC2262888
cancer	associated_with	Not Available	PMC12199832 , PMC3327051 , PMC3521879 , PMC3521879 , PMC4949043 , PMC5800006 , PMC5800006 , PMC6019016 , PMC7470770 , PMC7610456 , PMC8755680
drowsiness	associated_with	Not Available	PMC4646043
dizziness	associated_with	Not Available	PMC4646043
breast cancer	associated_with	increase	PMC11425761 , PMC11425761 , PMC11425761 , PMC13370602
fatigue	associated_with	Not Available	PMC11522587
headache	associated_with	Not Available	PMC4646043 , PMC4646043
liver cirrhosis	associated_with	Not Available	PMC2262888
Hepatocellular carcinoma	associated_with	Not Available	PMC7868703
liver cancer	associated_with	Not Available	PMC3499047 , PMC5581466 , PMC6097626 , PMC7149637 , PMC7149637
liver cancer	associated_with	increase	PMC2262888 , PMC6097626
angiosarcoma	associated_with	Not Available	PMC11294665 , PMC13032647 , PMC13370602 , PMC1638294 , PMC2018292 , PMC2262888 , PMC5102718 , PMC6351118 , PMC7067513 , PMC7425253
liver disease	associated_with	Not Available	PMC10927210
pancreatic cancer	associated_with	Not Available	PMC6394840
scleroderma	associated_with	Not Available	PMC2995912
brain cancer	associated_with	Not Available	PMC5407177
hemangiopericytoma	associated_with	Not Available	PMC1638294
cholangiocarcinoma	associated_with	Not Available	PMC5139703 , PMC6394015

Exposure Sources

Source ID	Source	Sector	Reference
3	Irrigation water	Agriculture & land management	Not Available
10	Insecticides	Agriculture & land management	Not Available
27	Water Coolers	Appliances, HVAC & refrigerants	Not Available
43	Water heaters	Appliances, HVAC & refrigerants	Not Available
50	Groundwater	Aquatic systems & sediments	Not Available
51	Surface water	Aquatic systems & sediments	Not Available
52	Seawater	Aquatic systems & sediments	Not Available
53	Freshwater	Aquatic systems & sediments	Not Available
70	Stormwater runoff	Automotive & urban infrastructure	Not Available
88	Waterproofing sprays	Building & Construction	Not Available
115	Drinking water	Drinking water & water supply	Not Available
116	Tap water	Drinking water & water supply	Not Available
117	Bottled water	Drinking water & water supply	Not Available
118	Desalinated water	Drinking water & water supply	Not Available
181	Ballast water	Marine, shipping & aquaculture	Not Available
182	Bilge water	Marine, shipping & aquaculture	Not Available
233	Brushes	Personal care & cosmetics	Not Available
468	Industrial wastewater	Wastewater, sanitation & biosolids	Not Available
470	Wastewater treatment effluent	Wastewater, sanitation & biosolids	Not Available
475	Mine wastewater	Wastewater, sanitation & biosolids	Not Available
477	Wastewater, unspecified	Wastewater, sanitation & biosolids	Not Available
494	Food contact materials	Food, food processing & cookware	Not Available
495	Ceilings	Building & Construction	Not Available
496	Fencing	Building & Construction	Not Available
497	Floors	Building & Construction	Not Available
498	Ladders	Building & Construction	Not Available
499	Roofs	Building & Construction	Not Available
500	Stairs And Ramps	Building & Construction	Not Available
501	Sunshades Awnings Or Outside Screens	Building & Construction	Not Available
502	Sunshades Awnings Or Outside Screens	Building & Construction	Not Available
503	Tents Or Canopies	Building & Construction	Not Available
504	Adjustable Resistors	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	Not Available
505	Amplifiers	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	Not Available
506	Antennas	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	Not Available
507	Auxiliary Devices	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	Not Available
508	Coils	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	Not Available
510	Communication Cables Or Conductors	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	Not Available
511	Conductors Or Conductive Bodies Characterised By The Conductive Materials	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	Not Available
512	Contacts	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	Not Available
513	Cores Yokes Or Armatures	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	Not Available
514	Discharge Lamps	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	Not Available
516	Electric Hearing Aids	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	Not Available
517	Electric Switches	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	Not Available
518	Electrically Stimulated Smoking Devices	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	Not Available
519	Electrodes	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	Not Available
520	Emergency Protective Devices	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	Not Available
521	Fixed Capacitors And Their Manufacture	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	Not Available
523	Gas Filled Discharge Tubes With Solid Cathode	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	Not Available
524	Hybrid Capacitors	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	Not Available
526	Loudspeakers	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	Not Available
527	Magnets	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	Not Available
528	Microphones	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	Not Available
529	Power Cables	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	Not Available
530	Radio Transmission Systems	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	Not Available
531	Relays	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	Not Available
534	Still Video Cameras	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	Not Available
535	Superconducting Magnets And Superconducting Coils	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	Not Available
536	Superconductive Or Hyperconductive Conductors Cables Or Transmission Lines	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	Not Available
537	Television Systems	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	Not Available
538	Thin Magnetic Films	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	Not Available
539	Video Games	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	Not Available
540	X Ray Tubes	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	Not Available
544	Fermentation Processes For Beer	Food, food processing & cookware	Not Available
545	Food Preservation	Food, food processing & cookware	Not Available
549	Preparation Of Wine Or Sparkling Wine	Food, food processing & cookware	Not Available
552	Processing Meats	Food, food processing & cookware	Not Available
554	Ash Trays	Household cleaning & consumer products	Not Available
555	Bleaching Agents	Household cleaning & consumer products	Not Available
556	Cigar Cigarettes	Household cleaning & consumer products	Not Available
559	Non Electric Simulated Smoking Devices	Household cleaning & consumer products	Not Available
560	Other Smoking Requisites	Household cleaning & consumer products	Not Available
561	Perfumes Within Detergents And Soaps	Household cleaning & consumer products	Not Available
562	Pipe Accessories	Household cleaning & consumer products	Not Available
563	Soap Detergents	Household cleaning & consumer products	Not Available
564	Soap Dispensers	Household cleaning & consumer products	Not Available
566	Tobacco Pipes	Household cleaning & consumer products	Not Available
567	Tobacco Product Cases	Household cleaning & consumer products	Not Available
568	Tobacco Product Moisture Control	Household cleaning & consumer products	Not Available
569	Tobacco Smoke Filters	Household cleaning & consumer products	Not Available
570	Badges	Household items	Not Available
571	Coins	Household items	Not Available
572	Credit Card Holders	Household items	Not Available
574	Medals	Household items	Not Available
578	Making Cigars	Industrial manufacturing & chemical processing	Not Available
579	Manufacture Of Iron Or Steel	Industrial manufacturing & chemical processing	Not Available
580	Manufacture Preparation Of Tobacco Products	Industrial manufacturing & chemical processing	Not Available
581	Paper Making Machines	Industrial manufacturing & chemical processing	Not Available
583	Anchoring Equipment	Marine, shipping & aquaculture	Not Available
584	Buoys	Marine, shipping & aquaculture	Not Available
585	Canoes And Kayaks	Marine, shipping & aquaculture	Not Available
588	Inflatable Life Saving Equipment	Marine, shipping & aquaculture	Not Available
589	Life Buoys	Marine, shipping & aquaculture	Not Available
590	Lifeboat Equipment	Marine, shipping & aquaculture	Not Available
591	Lifeboats	Marine, shipping & aquaculture	Not Available
592	Marine Propulsion Or Steering	Marine, shipping & aquaculture	Not Available
593	Nautical Instruments	Marine, shipping & aquaculture	Not Available
596	Acaricides	Agriculture & land management	Not Available
600	Herbicides And Algicides	Agriculture & land management	Not Available
601	Lawn Mowers	Agriculture & land management	Not Available
603	Nematocides	Agriculture & land management	Not Available
604	Pest Attractants	Agriculture & land management	Not Available
605	Pest Repellants	Agriculture & land management	Not Available
606	Plant Growth Regulators	Agriculture & land management	Not Available
609	Aftershave	Personal care & cosmetics	Not Available
610	Aftersun Products	Personal care & cosmetics	Not Available
611	Anti Perspirants Or Body Deoderants	Personal care & cosmetics	Not Available
612	Body Washing Or Cleaning Implements	Personal care & cosmetics	Not Available
613	Depilatories	Personal care & cosmetics	Not Available
614	Essential Oils Or Perfumes	Personal care & cosmetics	Not Available
615	Eye Makeup Products	Personal care & cosmetics	Not Available
616	Face Mask Cosmetics	Personal care & cosmetics	Not Available
617	Lip Care Products	Personal care & cosmetics	Not Available
618	Lip Makeup Products	Personal care & cosmetics	Not Available
619	Manicure Pedicure	Personal care & cosmetics	Not Available
620	Card Games	Recreation & sports surfaces	Not Available
621	Chutes And Slides	Recreation & sports surfaces	Not Available
622	Game Accessories	Recreation & sports surfaces	Not Available
625	Racing Sports	Recreation & sports surfaces	Not Available
628	See Saws	Recreation & sports surfaces	Not Available
630	Toys	Recreation & sports surfaces	Not Available
632	Apparel	Textiles, leather & furnishings	Not Available
633	Azo Dyes	Textiles, leather & furnishings	Not Available
635	Buttons	Textiles, leather & furnishings	Not Available
636	Ceramics	Textiles, leather & furnishings	Not Available
638	Decorating Textiles	Textiles, leather & furnishings	Not Available
640	Embroidering And Tufting	Textiles, leather & furnishings	Not Available
642	Footwear	Textiles, leather & furnishings	Not Available
643	Headwear	Textiles, leather & furnishings	Not Available
644	Hook Or Eye Fasteners	Textiles, leather & furnishings	Not Available
647	Multicolour Dyeing	Textiles, leather & furnishings	Not Available
650	Purses Luggage Hand Bags	Textiles, leather & furnishings	Not Available
651	Purses Money Bags Wallets	Textiles, leather & furnishings	Not Available
652	Ropes	Textiles, leather & furnishings	Not Available
653	Sewing	Textiles, leather & furnishings	Not Available
655	Slide Fasteners	Textiles, leather & furnishings	Not Available
656	Snap Fasteners	Textiles, leather & furnishings	Not Available
657	Surface Finishing Of Leather	Textiles, leather & furnishings	Not Available
658	Touch Fasteners	Textiles, leather & furnishings	Not Available
659	Transfer Printing	Textiles, leather & furnishings	Not Available
661	Umbrellas	Textiles, leather & furnishings	Not Available
662	Yarns Or Threads	Textiles, leather & furnishings	Not Available
663	Sanitary Equipment	Wastewater, sanitation & biosolids	Not Available

Pathways

6 pathways

beta-Alanine Metabolism

GABA-Transaminase Deficiency

Carnosinuria, Carnosinemia

GABA-Transaminase Deficiency: beta-alanine

beta-Aminoisobutyric Aciduria

Carnosinuria, Carnosinemia

Targets

Structure	Protein	UniProt ID	Organism	Relationship	Details
Click to view 3D structure	Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase [NADP(+)]	Q12882	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	12.3002
Click to view 3D structure	Mitochondrial 2-oxodicarboxylate carrier	Q9BQT8	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	0.389246
Click to view 3D structure	Succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase, mitochondrial	P51649	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	489.983
Click to view 3D structure	Seed linoleate 9S-lipoxygenase	P24095	Glycine max	Predicted (SEA)	22.8098
Click to view 3D structure	Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 1	O75762	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	7734.48
Click to view 3D structure	Estrogen receptor	P49884	Bos taurus	Predicted (SEA)	373.209
Click to view 3D structure	Epidermal growth factor receptor	P00533	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	7784.14
Click to view 3D structure	Fatty acid synthase	P12276	Gallus gallus	Predicted (SEA)	77.3821
Click to view 3D structure	Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1	P11362	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	7783.29
Click to view 3D structure	3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] synthase 2	P9WQD7	Mycobacterium tuberculosis	Predicted (SEA)	1075.33
Click to view 3D structure	Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4	P22455	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	7780.1
Click to view 3D structure	Tyrosine-protein kinase JAK3	P52333	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	7784.22
Click to view 3D structure	Cannabinoid receptor 2	P34972	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	7783.6
Click to view 3D structure	CXXC-type zinc finger protein 5	Q7LFL8	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	5881.2
Click to view 3D structure	Tyrosine-protein kinase BTK	Q06187	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	7784.07
Click to view 3D structure	Mitogen-activated protein kinase 1	P28482	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	7784.3
Click to view 3D structure	Peroxisomal N(1)-acetyl-spermine/spermidine oxidase	Q8C0L6	Mus musculus	Predicted (SEA)	70.5314
Click to view 3D structure	Tyrosine-protein kinase ITK/TSK	Q08881	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	7783.91
Click to view 3D structure	Dihydrofolate reductase	P0ABQ4	Escherichia coli (strain K12)	Predicted (SEA)	7769.04
Click to view 3D structure	Dihydrofolate reductase	Q59487	Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis (strain IL1403) (Streptococcuslactis)	Predicted (SEA)	5450.54
Click to view 3D structure	Dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1	Q02750	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	7783.99
Click to view 3D structure	Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2	P35968	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	7784.53
Click to view 3D structure	Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2	P21802	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	7782.82
Click to view 3D structure	Cannabinoid receptor 1	P21554	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	7783.99
Click to view 3D structure	Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1	P17948	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	7784.22
Click to view 3D structure	Estrogen receptor	P03372	Humans	Known	Causes endocrine disruption in humans by binding to and inhibiting the estrogen receptor. (A590)
Click to view 3D structure	Estrogen receptor beta	Q92731	Humans	Known	Causes endocrine disruption in humans by binding to and inhibiting the estrogen receptor. (A590)
Click to view 3D structure	Calcium-transporting ATPase type 2C member 1	P98194	Humans	Known	This organochloride inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase and Ca2+ and Mg2+ ATPase, which are essential for the transport of calcium across membranes. This results in the accumulation of intracellular free calcium ions, which promotes release of neurotransmitters from storage vesicles, the subsequent depolarization of adjacent neurons, and the propagation of stimuli throughout the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1	P14867	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-2	P47869	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-3	P34903	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-4	P48169	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-5	P31644	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-6	Q16445	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-1	P18505	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2	P47870	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-3	P28472	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta	O14764	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit epsilon	P78334	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-1	Q8N1C3	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	P18507	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-3	Q99928	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit pi	O00591	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-1	P24046	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-2	P28476	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-3	A8MPY1	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit theta	Q9UN88	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Immunoglobulin heavy constant gamma 1	P01857	Humans	Known	Vinyl chloride poisoning exhibits many of the characteristics of autoimmune diseases. This is believed to be the result of a reactive vinyl chloride intermediate metabolite binding to an immunoglobulin G (IgG), altering the protein and initiating an immune response. (L3)
Click to view 3D structure	Immunoglobulin heavy constant gamma 2	P01859	Humans	Known	Vinyl chloride poisoning exhibits many of the characteristics of autoimmune diseases. This is believed to be the result of a reactive vinyl chloride intermediate metabolite binding to an immunoglobulin G (IgG), altering the protein and initiating an immune response. (L3)
Click to view 3D structure	Immunoglobulin heavy constant gamma 4	P01861	Humans	Known	Vinyl chloride poisoning exhibits many of the characteristics of autoimmune diseases. This is believed to be the result of a reactive vinyl chloride intermediate metabolite binding to an immunoglobulin G (IgG), altering the protein and initiating an immune response. (L3)
Click to view 3D structure	Sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 1	O14983	Humans	Known	This organochloride inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase and Ca2+ and Mg2+ ATPase, which are essential for the transport of calcium across membranes. This results in the accumulation of intracellular free calcium ions, which promotes release of neurotransmitters from storage vesicles, the subsequent depolarization of adjacent neurons, and the propagation of stimuli throughout the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 2	P16615	Humans	Known	This organochloride inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase and Ca2+ and Mg2+ ATPase, which are essential for the transport of calcium across membranes. This results in the accumulation of intracellular free calcium ions, which promotes release of neurotransmitters from storage vesicles, the subsequent depolarization of adjacent neurons, and the propagation of stimuli throughout the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-1	P05023	Humans	Known	This organochloride inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase and Ca2+ and Mg2+ ATPase, which are essential for the transport of calcium across membranes. This results in the accumulation of intracellular free calcium ions, which promotes release of neurotransmitters from storage vesicles, the subsequent depolarization of adjacent neurons, and the propagation of stimuli throughout the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-2	P50993	Humans	Known	This organochloride inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase and Ca2+ and Mg2+ ATPase, which are essential for the transport of calcium across membranes. This results in the accumulation of intracellular free calcium ions, which promotes release of neurotransmitters from storage vesicles, the subsequent depolarization of adjacent neurons, and the propagation of stimuli throughout the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-3	P13637	Humans	Known	This organochloride inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase and Ca2+ and Mg2+ ATPase, which are essential for the transport of calcium across membranes. This results in the accumulation of intracellular free calcium ions, which promotes release of neurotransmitters from storage vesicles, the subsequent depolarization of adjacent neurons, and the propagation of stimuli throughout the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-4	Q13733	Humans	Known	This organochloride inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase and Ca2+ and Mg2+ ATPase, which are essential for the transport of calcium across membranes. This results in the accumulation of intracellular free calcium ions, which promotes release of neurotransmitters from storage vesicles, the subsequent depolarization of adjacent neurons, and the propagation of stimuli throughout the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-1	P05026	Humans	Known	This organochloride inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase and Ca2+ and Mg2+ ATPase, which are essential for the transport of calcium across membranes. This results in the accumulation of intracellular free calcium ions, which promotes release of neurotransmitters from storage vesicles, the subsequent depolarization of adjacent neurons, and the propagation of stimuli throughout the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-2	P14415	Humans	Known	This organochloride inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase and Ca2+ and Mg2+ ATPase, which are essential for the transport of calcium across membranes. This results in the accumulation of intracellular free calcium ions, which promotes release of neurotransmitters from storage vesicles, the subsequent depolarization of adjacent neurons, and the propagation of stimuli throughout the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-3	P54709	Humans	Known	This organochloride inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase and Ca2+ and Mg2+ ATPase, which are essential for the transport of calcium across membranes. This results in the accumulation of intracellular free calcium ions, which promotes release of neurotransmitters from storage vesicles, the subsequent depolarization of adjacent neurons, and the propagation of stimuli throughout the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit gamma	P54710	Humans	Known	This organochloride inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase and Ca2+ and Mg2+ ATPase, which are essential for the transport of calcium across membranes. This results in the accumulation of intracellular free calcium ions, which promotes release of neurotransmitters from storage vesicles, the subsequent depolarization of adjacent neurons, and the propagation of stimuli throughout the central nervous system. (T10)