P,P'-DDD (CED0000016)

Record Information

Version

1.0

Creation Date

2009-03-06 18:57:56 UTC

Update Date

2026-08-19 03:55:55 UTC

Accession Number

CHEM000022

Identification

Common Name

P,P'-DDD

Class

Small Molecule

Description

P,P'-DDD belongs to the diphenylmethanes, a subclass of benzene and substituted derivatives within the organic compounds. This exogenous solid has the formula C14H10Cl4 and an average molecular weight of 320.04 g/mol. It is used industrially as a pesticide (PMC5983739) and biologically functions as a metabolite (PMC9968705) and xenobiotic metabolite. The compound is used in low-density polyethylene and high-density polyethylene. It is found in indoor air, soap detergents, perfumes within detergents and soaps, food contact materials, and fermentation processes for beer, food preservation, and the preparation of wine or sparkling wine. Additional sources include electrical and electronic equipment such as antennas, communication cables or conductors, discharge lamps, conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials, and electrically stimulated smoking devices. Recorded exposure routes include touch, oral, and inhalation. P,P'-DDD is associated with an increase in pancreatic cancer (PMC6394840). It targets several proteins, including the androgen receptor (AR), estrogen receptor (ESR1), estrogen receptor beta (ESR2), retinoic acid receptor alpha (RARA), cytochrome P450 2C19 (CYP2C19), and nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I members 2 and 3 (NR1I2, NR1I3). It causes endocrine disruption by binding to and inhibiting the estrogen receptor and is believed to adversely affect the reproductive system by binding to the androgen and estrogen receptors. It antagonizes gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) at GABA-A receptors (including GABRA1, GABRA2, GABRA3, and GABRA4), blocking chloride ion uptake and causing central nervous system hyperexcitability. Additionally, it inhibits the inactivation of voltage-gated sodium channels (including SCN1A, SCN10A, SCN11A, and HCN2), interfering with sodium transport during repolarization. It also inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase (including ATP1A1, ATP1A2, ATP1A3, and ATP1A4) and other ATPases, leading to intracellular free calcium ion accumulation. Finally, it inhibits calmodulin's ability to transport calcium ions essential for neurotransmitter release.

Contaminant Type

Organic Compound
Organochloride
Pesticide
Pollutant
Synthetic Compound

Chemical Structure

MOL SDF PDB SMILES InChI

Synonyms

Value	Source
1,1'-(2,2-Dichloroethylidene)bis[4-chlorobenzene]	ChEBI
1,1-Dichloro-2,2-bis(4'-chlorophenyl)ethane	ChEBI
1,1-Dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane	ChEBI
Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane	ChEBI
Dilene	ChEBI
p,P'-tde	ChEBI
Rhothane	ChEBI
TDE	ChEBI
Tetrachlorodiphenylethane	ChEBI
DDD	Kegg
p,P'-DDD	ChEBI

Chemical Formula

C₁₄H₁₀Cl₄

Average Molecular Mass

320.041 g/mol

Monoisotopic Mass

317.954 g/mol

CAS Registry Number

72-54-8

IUPAC Name

1-chloro-4-[2,2-dichloro-1-(4-chlorophenyl)ethyl]benzene

Traditional Name

dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane

SMILES

ClC(Cl)C(C1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1)C1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1

InChI Identifier

InChI=1S/C14H10Cl4/c15-11-5-1-9(2-6-11)13(14(17)18)10-3-7-12(16)8-4-10/h1-8,13-14H

InChI Key

AHJKRLASYNVKDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Chemical Taxonomy

Description

Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as diphenylmethanes. Diphenylmethanes are compounds containing a diphenylmethane moiety, which consists of a methane wherein two hydrogen atoms are replaced by two phenyl groups.

Kingdom

Organic compounds

Super Class

Benzenoids

Class

Benzene and substituted derivatives

Sub Class

Diphenylmethanes

Direct Parent

Diphenylmethanes

Alternative Parents

Substituents

Diphenylmethane
Halobenzene
Chlorobenzene
Aryl halide
Aryl chloride
Hydrocarbon derivative
Organochloride
Organohalogen compound
Alkyl halide
Alkyl chloride
Aromatic homomonocyclic compound

Molecular Framework

Aromatic homomonocyclic compounds

External Descriptors

organochlorine insecticide (CHEBI:27841 )
monochlorobenzenes (CHEBI:27841 )
chlorophenylethane (CHEBI:27841 )
Organochlorine pesticides (C06636 )

Biological Properties

Status

Detected and Not Quantified

Origin

Exogenous

Cellular Locations

Membrane

Biofluid Locations

Not Available

Tissue Locations

Not Available

Applications

Not Available

Biological Roles

Chemical Roles

Not Available

Organoleptic Effects

Not Available

Physical Properties

State

Solid

Appearance

White powder.

Experimental Properties

Property	Value
Melting Point	109.5°C
Boiling Point	Not Available
Solubility	9e-05 mg/mL at 25 °C [BIGGAR,JW & RIGGS,RI (1974)]

Predicted Properties

Property	Value	Source
Water Solubility	1.0e-05 g/L	ALOGPS
logP	6.15	ALOGPS
logP	6.11	ChemAxon
logS	-7.5	ALOGPS
Physiological Charge	0	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count	0	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count	0	ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area	0 Å²	ChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count	3	ChemAxon
Refractivity	79.97 m³·mol⁻¹	ChemAxon
Polarizability	30.39 Å³	ChemAxon
Number of Rings	2	ChemAxon
Bioavailability	Yes	ChemAxon
Rule of Five	No	ChemAxon
Ghose Filter	No	ChemAxon
Veber's Rule	Yes	ChemAxon
MDDR-like Rule	No	ChemAxon

Spectra

Spectrum Type	Description	Splash Key	Deposition Date	View
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-014i-0019000000-4460d16e550a80c47f50	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-014i-0019000000-f7e1e05dfc950a2f5f32	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-01q9-0590000000-0cd9a04b19ff4419e15a	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-014i-0009000000-c1bb49a4fc94adcf6245	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-014i-0219000000-84207f94f12e17b81afb	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-01q9-0591000000-c8f4b03b33461b65eb4f	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-0159-0069000000-fe741a63b82faa783df0	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-001i-0090000000-19854b7c4cc611d8eea2	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-000i-0090000000-77a1d952616ab57c683b	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-00lr-0096000000-cec84f353a807a504263	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-014i-0039000000-908dffebe20600062610	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-03di-0964000000-99beefc737ac4b6a31c6	Not Available	View Spectrum
MS	MS Spectrum	splash10-000i-2590000000-d31157474aa8c429c8af	Not Available	View Spectrum

Toxicity Profile

Mechanism of Toxicity

DDD toxicity occurs via at least four mechanisms, possibly all functioning simultaneously. DDD reduces potassium transport across the membrane. DDD inhibits the inactivation of voltaged-gated sodium channels. The channels activate (open) normally but are inactivated (closed) slowly, thus interfering with the active transport of sodium out of the nerve axon during repolarization and resulting in a state of hyperexcitability. DDD inhibits neuronal adenosine triphosphatases (ATPases), particularly Na+K+-ATPase, and Ca2+-ATPase which play vital roles in neuronal repolarization. DDD also inhibits the ability of calmodulin, a calcium mediator in nerves, to transport calcium ions that are essential for the release of neurotransmitters. All these inhibited functions reduce the rate of depolarization and increase the sensitivity of neurons to small stimuli that would not elicit a response in a fully depolarized neuron. DDD is also believed to adversely affect the reproductive system by mimicking endogenous hormones and binding to the estrogen and adrogen receptors. (7, 2)

Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification)

Not directly listed by IARC, but carcinogenicity studies of this DDT metabolite are discussed in connection with DDT (6).

Minimum Risk Level

Not Available

Symptoms

DDT exposure causes ataxia and abnormal stepping. Acute signs of DDT poisoning include paresthesia after oral ingestion. Studies have shown that a mammal poisoned with DDT-type agents displays periodic persistent tremoring and/or convulsive seizures that are suggestive of repetitive discharges in neurons. These repetitive tremors and seizures can be initiated by tactile and auditory stimuli. (7)

Treatment

Treatment of DDT exposure should be primarily directed towards decontamination and supportive care, as there is no specific antidote. The use of gastric lavage and activated charcoal for large ingestions may be effective. (5)

Toxicity Values

Toxicity Value	Unit	Value Range	Organism	Dose Descriptor	Route of Exposure	Predicted or Experimental	Reference
113.0	mg/kg	Not Available	Rat	LD50	Oral	experimental	L138

Health Effects

Health Effect	Relationship	Direction	Reference
pancreatic cancer	associated_with	increase	PMC6394840

Exposure Sources

Source ID	Source	Sector	Reference
10	Insecticides	Agriculture & land management	Not Available
19	Indoor air	Air, dust & atmospheric transport	Not Available
494	Food contact materials	Food, food processing & cookware	Not Available
506	Antennas	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	Not Available
510	Communication Cables Or Conductors	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	Not Available
511	Conductors Or Conductive Bodies Characterised By The Conductive Materials	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	Not Available
514	Discharge Lamps	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	Not Available
518	Electrically Stimulated Smoking Devices	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	Not Available
519	Electrodes	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	Not Available
527	Magnets	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	Not Available
544	Fermentation Processes For Beer	Food, food processing & cookware	Not Available
545	Food Preservation	Food, food processing & cookware	Not Available
549	Preparation Of Wine Or Sparkling Wine	Food, food processing & cookware	Not Available
561	Perfumes Within Detergents And Soaps	Household cleaning & consumer products	Not Available
563	Soap Detergents	Household cleaning & consumer products	Not Available
580	Manufacture Preparation Of Tobacco Products	Industrial manufacturing & chemical processing	Not Available
583	Anchoring Equipment	Marine, shipping & aquaculture	Not Available
596	Acaricides	Agriculture & land management	Not Available
600	Herbicides And Algicides	Agriculture & land management	Not Available
603	Nematocides	Agriculture & land management	Not Available
606	Plant Growth Regulators	Agriculture & land management	Not Available
607	Rodenticides(1)	Agriculture & land management	Not Available
608	Rodenticides	Agriculture & land management	Not Available
611	Anti Perspirants Or Body Deoderants	Personal care & cosmetics	Not Available
613	Depilatories	Personal care & cosmetics	Not Available
662	Yarns Or Threads	Textiles, leather & furnishings	Not Available

Pathways

0 pathways

No pathways found

No metabolic pathways have been associated with this synthetic chemical

Targets

Structure	Protein	UniProt ID	Organism	Relationship	Details
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium-dependent dopamine transporter	Q01959	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	61.6566
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter	P31645	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	148.848
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter	P23975	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	166.909
Click to view 3D structure	Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor	P08913	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	472.934
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter	P31652	Rattus norvegicus	Predicted (SEA)	331.56
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium-dependent dopamine transporter	P23977	Rattus norvegicus	Predicted (SEA)	217.978
Click to view 3D structure	Adenosine receptor A3	P0DMS8	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	403.96
Click to view 3D structure	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B	P41595	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	1052.91
Click to view 3D structure	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 6	P50406	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	856.731
Click to view 3D structure	Cytochrome P450 2D6	P10635	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	2995.48
Click to view 3D structure	Bile salt export pump	O95342	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	171.969
Click to view 3D structure	Superoxide dismutase [Cu-Zn]	P00441	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	16.4262
Click to view 3D structure	Glutamate (NMDA) receptor subunit zeta 1	O19067	Sus scrofa	Predicted (SEA)	51.614
Click to view 3D structure	Transporter	Q63380	Rattus norvegicus	Predicted (SEA)	221.247
Click to view 3D structure	Aromatase	P11511	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	436.734
Click to view 3D structure	D(3) dopamine receptor	P35462	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	3372.66
Click to view 3D structure	Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1	Q99720	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	2860.57
Click to view 3D structure	Cytochrome P450 3A4	P08684	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	6114.12
Click to view 3D structure	Aromatase	P22443	Rattus norvegicus	Predicted (SEA)	2.17978
Click to view 3D structure	Histamine H1 receptor	P35367	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	3538.71
Click to view 3D structure	Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1	Q60492	Cavia porcellus	Predicted (SEA)	2072.81
Click to view 3D structure	Norepinephrine transporter	Q9WTR4	Rattus norvegicus	Predicted (SEA)	760.509
Click to view 3D structure	D(2) dopamine receptor	P14416	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	5008.74
Click to view 3D structure	Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2	P35354	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	2217.38
Click to view 3D structure	Voltage-gated inwardly rectifying potassium channel KCNH2	Q12809	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	6816.71
Click to view 3D structure	Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 2	O75469	Humans	Known	Not Available
Click to view 3D structure	Androgen receptor	P10275	Humans	Known	DDD is also believed to adversely affect the reproductive system by mimicking endogenous hormones and binding to the estrogen and adrogen receptors. (L85)
Click to view 3D structure	Estrogen receptor	P03372	Humans	Known	Causes endocrine disruption in humans by binding to and inhibiting the estrogen receptor. (A590)
Click to view 3D structure	Estrogen receptor beta	Q92731	Humans	Known	Causes endocrine disruption in humans by binding to and inhibiting the estrogen receptor. (A590)
Click to view 3D structure	Calcium-transporting ATPase type 2C member 1	P98194	Humans	Known	This organochloride inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase and Ca2+ and Mg2+ ATPase, which are essential for the transport of calcium across membranes. This results in the accumulation of intracellular free calcium ions, which promotes release of neurotransmitters from storage vesicles, the subsequent depolarization of adjacent neurons, and the propagation of stimuli throughout the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1	P14867	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-2	P47869	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-3	P34903	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-4	P48169	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-5	P31644	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-6	Q16445	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-1	P18505	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2	P47870	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-3	P28472	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta	O14764	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit epsilon	P78334	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-1	Q8N1C3	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	P18507	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-3	Q99928	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit pi	O00591	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-1	P24046	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-2	P28476	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-3	A8MPY1	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit theta	Q9UN88	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Potassium/sodium hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel 2	Q9UL51	Humans	Known	DDD inhibits the inactivation of voltaged-gated sodium channels. The channels activate (open) normally but are inactivated (closed) slowly, thus interfering with the active transport of sodium out of the nerve axon during repolarization and resulting in a state of hyperexcitability. (A99)
Click to view 3D structure	Sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 1	O14983	Humans	Known	This organochloride inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase and Ca2+ and Mg2+ ATPase, which are essential for the transport of calcium across membranes. This results in the accumulation of intracellular free calcium ions, which promotes release of neurotransmitters from storage vesicles, the subsequent depolarization of adjacent neurons, and the propagation of stimuli throughout the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 2	P16615	Humans	Known	This organochloride inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase and Ca2+ and Mg2+ ATPase, which are essential for the transport of calcium across membranes. This results in the accumulation of intracellular free calcium ions, which promotes release of neurotransmitters from storage vesicles, the subsequent depolarization of adjacent neurons, and the propagation of stimuli throughout the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium channel protein type 1 subunit alpha	P35498	Humans	Known	DDD inhibits the inactivation of voltaged-gated sodium channels. The channels activate (open) normally but are inactivated (closed) slowly, thus interfering with the active transport of sodium out of the nerve axon during repolarization and resulting in a state of hyperexcitability. (A99)
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium channel protein type 10 subunit alpha	Q9Y5Y9	Humans	Known	DDD inhibits the inactivation of voltaged-gated sodium channels. The channels activate (open) normally but are inactivated (closed) slowly, thus interfering with the active transport of sodium out of the nerve axon during repolarization and resulting in a state of hyperexcitability. (A99)
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium channel protein type 11 subunit alpha	Q9UI33	Humans	Known	DDD inhibits the inactivation of voltaged-gated sodium channels. The channels activate (open) normally but are inactivated (closed) slowly, thus interfering with the active transport of sodium out of the nerve axon during repolarization and resulting in a state of hyperexcitability. (A99)
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium channel protein type 2 subunit alpha	Q99250	Humans	Known	DDD inhibits the inactivation of voltaged-gated sodium channels. The channels activate (open) normally but are inactivated (closed) slowly, thus interfering with the active transport of sodium out of the nerve axon during repolarization and resulting in a state of hyperexcitability. (A99)
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium channel protein type 3 subunit alpha	Q9NY46	Humans	Known	DDD inhibits the inactivation of voltaged-gated sodium channels. The channels activate (open) normally but are inactivated (closed) slowly, thus interfering with the active transport of sodium out of the nerve axon during repolarization and resulting in a state of hyperexcitability. (A99)
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium channel protein type 4 subunit alpha	P35499	Humans	Known	DDD inhibits the inactivation of voltaged-gated sodium channels. The channels activate (open) normally but are inactivated (closed) slowly, thus interfering with the active transport of sodium out of the nerve axon during repolarization and resulting in a state of hyperexcitability. (A99)
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium channel protein type 5 subunit alpha	Q14524	Humans	Known	DDD inhibits the inactivation of voltaged-gated sodium channels. The channels activate (open) normally but are inactivated (closed) slowly, thus interfering with the active transport of sodium out of the nerve axon during repolarization and resulting in a state of hyperexcitability. (A99)
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium channel protein type 8 subunit alpha	Q9UQD0	Humans	Known	DDD inhibits the inactivation of voltaged-gated sodium channels. The channels activate (open) normally but are inactivated (closed) slowly, thus interfering with the active transport of sodium out of the nerve axon during repolarization and resulting in a state of hyperexcitability. (A99)
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium channel protein type 9 subunit alpha	Q15858	Humans	Known	DDD inhibits the inactivation of voltaged-gated sodium channels. The channels activate (open) normally but are inactivated (closed) slowly, thus interfering with the active transport of sodium out of the nerve axon during repolarization and resulting in a state of hyperexcitability. (A99)
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium channel regulatory subunit beta-1	Q07699	Humans	Known	DDD inhibits the inactivation of voltaged-gated sodium channels. The channels activate (open) normally but are inactivated (closed) slowly, thus interfering with the active transport of sodium out of the nerve axon during repolarization and resulting in a state of hyperexcitability. (A99)
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium channel regulatory subunit beta-2	O60939	Humans	Known	DDD inhibits the inactivation of voltaged-gated sodium channels. The channels activate (open) normally but are inactivated (closed) slowly, thus interfering with the active transport of sodium out of the nerve axon during repolarization and resulting in a state of hyperexcitability. (A99)
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium channel regulatory subunit beta-3	Q9NY72	Humans	Known	DDD inhibits the inactivation of voltaged-gated sodium channels. The channels activate (open) normally but are inactivated (closed) slowly, thus interfering with the active transport of sodium out of the nerve axon during repolarization and resulting in a state of hyperexcitability. (A99)
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium channel regulatory subunit beta-4	Q8IWT1	Humans	Known	DDD inhibits the inactivation of voltaged-gated sodium channels. The channels activate (open) normally but are inactivated (closed) slowly, thus interfering with the active transport of sodium out of the nerve axon during repolarization and resulting in a state of hyperexcitability. (A99)
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-1	P05023	Humans	Known	This organochloride inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase and Ca2+ and Mg2+ ATPase, which are essential for the transport of calcium across membranes. This results in the accumulation of intracellular free calcium ions, which promotes release of neurotransmitters from storage vesicles, the subsequent depolarization of adjacent neurons, and the propagation of stimuli throughout the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-2	P50993	Humans	Known	This organochloride inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase and Ca2+ and Mg2+ ATPase, which are essential for the transport of calcium across membranes. This results in the accumulation of intracellular free calcium ions, which promotes release of neurotransmitters from storage vesicles, the subsequent depolarization of adjacent neurons, and the propagation of stimuli throughout the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-3	P13637	Humans	Known	This organochloride inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase and Ca2+ and Mg2+ ATPase, which are essential for the transport of calcium across membranes. This results in the accumulation of intracellular free calcium ions, which promotes release of neurotransmitters from storage vesicles, the subsequent depolarization of adjacent neurons, and the propagation of stimuli throughout the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-4	Q13733	Humans	Known	This organochloride inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase and Ca2+ and Mg2+ ATPase, which are essential for the transport of calcium across membranes. This results in the accumulation of intracellular free calcium ions, which promotes release of neurotransmitters from storage vesicles, the subsequent depolarization of adjacent neurons, and the propagation of stimuli throughout the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-1	P05026	Humans	Known	This organochloride inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase and Ca2+ and Mg2+ ATPase, which are essential for the transport of calcium across membranes. This results in the accumulation of intracellular free calcium ions, which promotes release of neurotransmitters from storage vesicles, the subsequent depolarization of adjacent neurons, and the propagation of stimuli throughout the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-2	P14415	Humans	Known	This organochloride inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase and Ca2+ and Mg2+ ATPase, which are essential for the transport of calcium across membranes. This results in the accumulation of intracellular free calcium ions, which promotes release of neurotransmitters from storage vesicles, the subsequent depolarization of adjacent neurons, and the propagation of stimuli throughout the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-3	P54709	Humans	Known	This organochloride inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase and Ca2+ and Mg2+ ATPase, which are essential for the transport of calcium across membranes. This results in the accumulation of intracellular free calcium ions, which promotes release of neurotransmitters from storage vesicles, the subsequent depolarization of adjacent neurons, and the propagation of stimuli throughout the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit gamma	P54710	Humans	Known	This organochloride inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase and Ca2+ and Mg2+ ATPase, which are essential for the transport of calcium across membranes. This results in the accumulation of intracellular free calcium ions, which promotes release of neurotransmitters from storage vesicles, the subsequent depolarization of adjacent neurons, and the propagation of stimuli throughout the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Retinoic acid receptor alpha	P10276	Humans	Known	Not Available
Click to view 3D structure	Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3	Q14994	Humans	Known	Not Available
Click to view 3D structure	Cytochrome P450 2C19	P33261	Humans	Known	Not Available