Toxaphene (CED0000020)

Record Information

Version

1.0

Creation Date

2009-03-06 18:57:57 UTC

Update Date

2026-08-18 05:00:54 UTC

Accession Number

CHEM000027

Identification

Common Name

Toxaphene

Class

Small Molecule

Description

Toxaphene is an exogenous solid with the formula C10H8Cl8 and an average molecular weight of 411.80 g/mol. Toxaphene belongs to the monoterpenoids, a subclass of prenol lipids within the organic compounds. Industrially, it is classified as a pesticide, and it serves as an agrochemical, insecticide, and acaricide (PMC3261933). It is a persistent organic pollutant and a carcinogenic agent (PMC3261933). One recorded source of release for this compound is magnets in electrical and electronic equipment. Toxaphene acts on 39 recorded protein targets. It antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) at GABA-A receptors, including GABRA1, GABRA2, GABRA3, and GABRA4, which blocks GABA-induced chloride ion uptake and causes central nervous system hyperexcitability. It inhibits acetylcholinesterase (ACHE), affecting the sensitivity of the nervous system. Additionally, it inhibits adenylate cyclase (including ADCY1, ADCY2, and ADCY5), which alters calcium transport across cell membranes and affects nervous system sensitivity. Toxaphene also inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase and Ca2+ and Mg2+ ATPase, including ATP1A1, ATP1A2, ATP1A3, and ATP1A4; this leads to the accumulation of intracellular free calcium ions, promoting the release of neurotransmitters from storage vesicles, depolarization of adjacent neurons, and the propagation of stimuli throughout the central nervous system. Finally, it causes endocrine disruption in humans by binding to and inhibiting the estrogen receptor (ESR1 and ESR2), and it interacts with the androgen receptor (AR), steroid hormone receptor ERR1 (ESRRA), and progesterone receptor (PGR).

Contaminant Type

Human Neurotoxin
Organic Compound
Organochloride
Pesticide
Pollutant
Synthetic Compound

Chemical Structure

MOL SDF PDB SMILES InChI

Synonyms

Value	Source
Polychlorocamphene	MeSH

Chemical Formula

C₁₀H₈Cl₈

Average Molecular Mass

411.795 g/mol

Monoisotopic Mass

407.813 g/mol

CAS Registry Number

8001-35-2

IUPAC Name

1,4,5,6,7,7-hexachloro-2,2-bis(chloromethyl)-3-methylidenebicyclo[2.2.1]heptane

Traditional Name

toxaphene

SMILES

ClCC1(CCl)C(=C)C2(Cl)C(Cl)C(Cl)C1(Cl)C2(Cl)Cl

InChI Identifier

InChI=1S/C10H8Cl8/c1-4-7(2-11,3-12)9(16)6(14)5(13)8(4,15)10(9,17)18/h5-6H,1-3H2

InChI Key

OEJNXTAZZBRGDN-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Chemical Taxonomy

Description

Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as bicyclic monoterpenoids. These are monoterpenoids containing exactly 2 rings, which are fused to each other.

Kingdom

Organic compounds

Super Class

Lipids and lipid-like molecules

Class

Prenol lipids

Sub Class

Monoterpenoids

Direct Parent

Bicyclic monoterpenoids

Alternative Parents

Substituents

Bicyclic monoterpenoid
Hydrocarbon derivative
Organochloride
Organohalogen compound
Alkyl halide
Alkyl chloride
Aliphatic homopolycyclic compound

Molecular Framework

Aliphatic homopolycyclic compounds

External Descriptors

Not Available

Biological Properties

Status

Detected and Not Quantified

Origin

Exogenous

Cellular Locations

Membrane

Biofluid Locations

Not Available

Tissue Locations

Not Available

Applications

Biological Roles

carcinogenic agent

Chemical Roles

persistent organic pollutant

Organoleptic Effects

Not Available

Physical Properties

State

Solid

Appearance

Yellow solid.

Experimental Properties

Property	Value
Melting Point	77°C
Boiling Point	Not Available
Solubility	0.00055 mg/mL at 20 °C [MURPHY,TJ et al. (1987)]

Predicted Properties

Property	Value	Source
Water Solubility	0.00058 g/L	ALOGPS
logP	5.99	ALOGPS
logP	5.7	ChemAxon
logS	-5.8	ALOGPS
Physiological Charge	0	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count	0	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count	0	ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area	0 Å²	ChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count	2	ChemAxon
Refractivity	80.57 m³·mol⁻¹	ChemAxon
Polarizability	32.99 Å³	ChemAxon
Number of Rings	2	ChemAxon
Bioavailability	Yes	ChemAxon
Rule of Five	No	ChemAxon
Ghose Filter	No	ChemAxon
Veber's Rule	Yes	ChemAxon
MDDR-like Rule	No	ChemAxon

Spectra

Spectrum Type	Description	Splash Key	Deposition Date	View
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum	splash10-000l-2009000000-7ab3b594c6984bcc9b67	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum	Not Available	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-0a4i-0006900000-d20513ed7621eb956a3d	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-0ab9-0026900000-110f9bb414033304f2f3	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-006t-0349000000-cb8f6e166b4fff0ba9e2	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-0a4i-0003900000-24ec1934cc3394b50ab0	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-05fr-0009500000-9efeb0f9340e35a4b01a	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-00di-0009000000-ab05aaa282534164f9ba	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-0a4i-0000900000-da915480e7ea75431460	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-0a4i-0000900000-da915480e7ea75431460	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-0a4i-0005900000-dac2cedb4a4bd0d5911d	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-0a4i-0000900000-eb99701e1a121e1a2593	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-0a4i-0009600000-e719164e08314891aff4	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-0a4i-0000900000-eb99701e1a121e1a2593	Not Available	View Spectrum

Toxicity Profile

Mechanism of Toxicity

Toxaphene is a cholinesterase or acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor. A cholinesterase inhibitor (or 'anticholinesterase') suppresses the action of acetylcholinesterase. Because of its essential function, chemicals that interfere with the action of acetylcholinesterase are potent neurotoxins, causing excessive salivation and eye-watering in low doses, followed by muscle spasms and ultimately death. Nerve gases and many substances used in insecticides have been shown to act by binding a serine in the active site of acetylcholine esterase, inhibiting the enzyme completely. Acetylcholine esterase breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which is released at nerve and muscle junctions, in order to allow the muscle or organ to relax. The result of acetylcholine esterase inhibition is that acetylcholine builds up and continues to act so that any nerve impulses are continually transmitted and muscle contractions do not stop. Among the most common acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are phosphorus-based compounds, which are designed to bind to the active site of the enzyme. The structural requirements are a phosphorus atom bearing two lipophilic groups, a leaving group (such as a halide or thiocyanate), and a terminal oxygen.

Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification)

2B, possibly carcinogenic to humans. (7)

Minimum Risk Level

Acute Oral: 0.005 mg/kg/day (6) Intermediate Oral: 0.001 mg/kg/day (6)

Symptoms

Symptoms of low dose exposure include excessive salivation and eye-watering. Acute dose symptoms include severe nausea/vomiting, salivation, sweating, bradycardia, hypotension, collapse, and convulsions. Increasing muscle weakness is a possibility and may result in death if respiratory muscles are involved. Hypertension, hypoglycemia, anxiety, headache, tremor and ataxia may also result.

Treatment

If the compound has been ingested, rapid gastric lavage should be performed using 5% sodium bicarbonate. For skin contact, the skin should be washed with soap and water. If the compound has entered the eyes, they should be washed with large quantities of isotonic saline or water. In serious cases, atropine and/or pralidoxime should be administered. Anti-cholinergic drugs work to counteract the effects of excess acetylcholine and reactivate AChE. Atropine can be used as an antidote in conjunction with pralidoxime or other pyridinium oximes (such as trimedoxime or obidoxime), though the use of '-oximes' has been found to be of no benefit, or possibly harmful, in at least two meta-analyses. Atropine is a muscarinic antagonist, and thus blocks the action of acetylcholine peripherally.

Toxicity Values

Toxicity Value	Unit	Value Range	Organism	Dose Descriptor	Route of Exposure	Predicted or Experimental	Reference
50.0	mg/kg	Not Available	Rat	LD50	Oral	experimental	L147
600.0	mg/kg	Not Available	Rat	LD50	Dermal	experimental	L147

Health Effects

Health Effect	Relationship	Direction	Reference

Exposure Sources

Source ID	Source	Sector	Reference
527	Magnets	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	Not Available
583	Anchoring Equipment	Marine, shipping & aquaculture	Not Available
597	Chemosterilants	Agriculture & land management	Not Available
598	Fertiliser Distributors	Agriculture & land management	Not Available
607	Rodenticides(1)	Agriculture & land management	Not Available
608	Rodenticides	Agriculture & land management	Not Available

Pathways

0 pathways

No pathways found

No metabolic pathways have been associated with this synthetic chemical

Targets

Structure	Protein	UniProt ID	Organism	Relationship	Details
Click to view 3D structure	histidine kinase	O32393	Arthrospira platensis	Predicted (SEA)	434.087
Click to view 3D structure	GABA receptor subunit	Q75NA5	Musca domestica	Predicted (SEA)	298.552
Click to view 3D structure	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	P37231	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	7768.03
Click to view 3D structure	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Q07869	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	7752.46
Click to view 3D structure	Mitochondrial pyruvate carrier 2	O95563	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	5810.28
Click to view 3D structure	Galactocerebrosidase	P54818	Mus musculus	Predicted (SEA)	315.912
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter	P31645	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	7781.57
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter	P23975	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	7782.74
Click to view 3D structure	E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF4	P78317	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	4368.28
Click to view 3D structure	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	P37238	Mus musculus	Predicted (SEA)	7718.91
Click to view 3D structure	Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] B	P27338	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	7776.67
Click to view 3D structure	Adenosine receptor A3	P0DMS8	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	7781.19
Click to view 3D structure	Carbonic anhydrase 2	P00918	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	7783.05
Click to view 3D structure	Mu-type opioid receptor	P35372	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	7781.89
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-3	P28472	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	931.622
Click to view 3D structure	Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1	Q99720	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	7783.44
Click to view 3D structure	Beta-lactamase TEM	P62593	Escherichia coli	Predicted (SEA)	6862.25
Click to view 3D structure	Beta-lactamase OXA-2	P0A1V9	Escherichia coli	Predicted (SEA)	1395.06
Click to view 3D structure	Beta-lactamase pse-1	Q2V0Y6	Escherichia coli	Predicted (SEA)	1395.06
Click to view 3D structure	Delta-type opioid receptor	P41143	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	7781.57
Click to view 3D structure	Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor	P08913	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	7783.37
Click to view 3D structure	Beta-lactamase	P00807	Staphylococcus aureus	Predicted (SEA)	4653.36
Click to view 3D structure	Sigma intracellular receptor 2	Q5BJF2	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	7783.05
Click to view 3D structure	Kappa-type opioid receptor	P41145	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	7783.13
Click to view 3D structure	Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1	Q60492	Cavia porcellus	Predicted (SEA)	7779.16
Click to view 3D structure	Estrogen receptor	P03372	Humans	Known	Causes endocrine disruption in humans by binding to and inhibiting the estrogen receptor. (A590)
Click to view 3D structure	Estrogen receptor beta	Q92731	Humans	Known	Causes endocrine disruption in humans by binding to and inhibiting the estrogen receptor. (A590)
Click to view 3D structure	Steroid hormone receptor ERR1	P11474	Humans	Known	Not Available
Click to view 3D structure	Acetylcholinesterase	P22303	Humans	Known	Toxapehene inhibits acetylcholinesterase, which affects the sensitivity of the nervous system. (A80)
Click to view 3D structure	Adenylate cyclase type 1	Q08828	Humans	Known	Toxaphene inhibits adenylate cyclase, which affects the sensitivity of the nervous system by altering calcium transport across cell membranes. (A79)
Click to view 3D structure	Adenylate cyclase type 2	Q08462	Humans	Known	Toxaphene inhibits adenylate cyclase, which affects the sensitivity of the nervous system by altering calcium transport across cell membranes. (A79)
Click to view 3D structure	Adenylate cyclase type 5	O95622	Humans	Known	Toxaphene inhibits adenylate cyclase, which affects the sensitivity of the nervous system by altering calcium transport across cell membranes. (A79)
Click to view 3D structure	Androgen receptor	P10275	Humans	Known	Not Available
Click to view 3D structure	Calcium-transporting ATPase type 2C member 1	P98194	Humans	Known	This organochloride inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase and Ca2+ and Mg2+ ATPase, which are essential for the transport of calcium across membranes. This results in the accumulation of intracellular free calcium ions, which promotes release of neurotransmitters from storage vesicles, the subsequent depolarization of adjacent neurons, and the propagation of stimuli throughout the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1	P14867	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-2	P47869	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-3	P34903	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-4	P48169	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-5	P31644	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-6	Q16445	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-1	P18505	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2	P47870	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-3	P28472	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta	O14764	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit epsilon	P78334	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-1	Q8N1C3	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	P18507	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-3	Q99928	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit pi	O00591	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-1	P24046	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-2	P28476	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-3	A8MPY1	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit theta	Q9UN88	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Progesterone receptor	P06401	Humans	Known	Not Available
Click to view 3D structure	Sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 1	O14983	Humans	Known	This organochloride inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase and Ca2+ and Mg2+ ATPase, which are essential for the transport of calcium across membranes. This results in the accumulation of intracellular free calcium ions, which promotes release of neurotransmitters from storage vesicles, the subsequent depolarization of adjacent neurons, and the propagation of stimuli throughout the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 2	P16615	Humans	Known	This organochloride inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase and Ca2+ and Mg2+ ATPase, which are essential for the transport of calcium across membranes. This results in the accumulation of intracellular free calcium ions, which promotes release of neurotransmitters from storage vesicles, the subsequent depolarization of adjacent neurons, and the propagation of stimuli throughout the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-1	P05023	Humans	Known	This organochloride inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase and Ca2+ and Mg2+ ATPase, which are essential for the transport of calcium across membranes. This results in the accumulation of intracellular free calcium ions, which promotes release of neurotransmitters from storage vesicles, the subsequent depolarization of adjacent neurons, and the propagation of stimuli throughout the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-2	P50993	Humans	Known	This organochloride inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase and Ca2+ and Mg2+ ATPase, which are essential for the transport of calcium across membranes. This results in the accumulation of intracellular free calcium ions, which promotes release of neurotransmitters from storage vesicles, the subsequent depolarization of adjacent neurons, and the propagation of stimuli throughout the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-3	P13637	Humans	Known	This organochloride inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase and Ca2+ and Mg2+ ATPase, which are essential for the transport of calcium across membranes. This results in the accumulation of intracellular free calcium ions, which promotes release of neurotransmitters from storage vesicles, the subsequent depolarization of adjacent neurons, and the propagation of stimuli throughout the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-4	Q13733	Humans	Known	This organochloride inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase and Ca2+ and Mg2+ ATPase, which are essential for the transport of calcium across membranes. This results in the accumulation of intracellular free calcium ions, which promotes release of neurotransmitters from storage vesicles, the subsequent depolarization of adjacent neurons, and the propagation of stimuli throughout the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-1	P05026	Humans	Known	This organochloride inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase and Ca2+ and Mg2+ ATPase, which are essential for the transport of calcium across membranes. This results in the accumulation of intracellular free calcium ions, which promotes release of neurotransmitters from storage vesicles, the subsequent depolarization of adjacent neurons, and the propagation of stimuli throughout the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-2	P14415	Humans	Known	This organochloride inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase and Ca2+ and Mg2+ ATPase, which are essential for the transport of calcium across membranes. This results in the accumulation of intracellular free calcium ions, which promotes release of neurotransmitters from storage vesicles, the subsequent depolarization of adjacent neurons, and the propagation of stimuli throughout the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-3	P54709	Humans	Known	This organochloride inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase and Ca2+ and Mg2+ ATPase, which are essential for the transport of calcium across membranes. This results in the accumulation of intracellular free calcium ions, which promotes release of neurotransmitters from storage vesicles, the subsequent depolarization of adjacent neurons, and the propagation of stimuli throughout the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit gamma	P54710	Humans	Known	This organochloride inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase and Ca2+ and Mg2+ ATPase, which are essential for the transport of calcium across membranes. This results in the accumulation of intracellular free calcium ions, which promotes release of neurotransmitters from storage vesicles, the subsequent depolarization of adjacent neurons, and the propagation of stimuli throughout the central nervous system. (T10)