Heptachlor (CED0000023)

Record Information

Version

1.0

Creation Date

2009-03-06 18:57:57 UTC

Update Date

2026-08-18 03:42:07 UTC

Accession Number

CHEM000030

Identification

Common Name

Heptachlor

Class

Small Molecule

Description

Heptachlor (C10H5Cl7) is an exogenous solid with an average molecular weight of 373.32 g/mol. Heptachlor belongs to the vinyl chlorides, a subclass of vinyl halides within the organic compounds. It is utilized industrially as a pesticide (PMC8367800), organochlorine pesticide (PMC3889157), and insecticide (PMC5581466, PMC9761600), as well as an agrochemical, fungicide, and antibacterial agent. It is further classified as a persistent organic pollutant (PMC3889157) and is used in low-density polyethylene. The compound is released from 21 recorded sources, including drinking water, stairs and ramps, food contact materials, soap detergents, and electrical and electronic equipment such as discharge lamps, communication cables, and electrically stimulated smoking devices. Recorded exposure routes include oral, touch, and inhalation (PMC4025031). Heptachlor is associated with cancer (PMC5132641, PMC7056722) and an increase in breast cancer (PMC5581466), and it is found at elevated levels in the blood of individuals with breast cancer (PMC8460037). Biologically, heptachlor acts as a GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist. It antagonizes the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) at GABA-A receptors—including subunits GABRA1, GABRA2, GABRA3, and GABRA4—blocking GABA-induced chloride ion uptake and causing central nervous system hyperexcitability. It inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase and Ca2+ and Mg2+ ATPase (including ATP2C1, ATP2A1, ATP2A2, and FXYD2), leading to intracellular free calcium ion accumulation, neurotransmitter release, and neuronal depolarization. Additionally, it causes endocrine disruption in humans by binding to and inhibiting the estrogen receptors ESR1 and ESR2, and targets the nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 2 (NR1I2).

Contaminant Type

Cigarette Toxin
Human Neurotoxin
Organic Compound
Organochloride
Pesticide
Pollutant
Synthetic Compound

Chemical Structure

MOL SDF PDB SMILES InChI

Synonyms

Value	Source
1,4,5,6,7,8,8-Heptachloro-3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro-4,7-methano-1H-indene	ChEBI
1,5,7,8,9,10,10-Heptachlorotricyclo[5.2.1.0(2,6)]deca-3,8-diene	ChEBI
3-Chlorochlordene	ChEBI
Heptachlorane	ChEBI
Heptamul	ChEBI

Chemical Formula

C₁₀H₅Cl₇

Average Molecular Mass

373.318 g/mol

Monoisotopic Mass

369.821 g/mol

CAS Registry Number

76-44-8

IUPAC Name

1,5,7,8,9,10,10-heptachlorotricyclo[5.2.1.0²,⁶]deca-3,8-diene

Traditional Name

heptachlor

SMILES

ClC1C=CC2C1C1(Cl)C(Cl)=C(Cl)C2(Cl)C1(Cl)Cl

InChI Identifier

InChI=1S/C10H5Cl7/c11-4-2-1-3-5(4)9(15)7(13)6(12)8(3,14)10(9,16)17/h1-5H

InChI Key

FRCCEHPWNOQAEU-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Chemical Taxonomy

Description

Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as vinyl chlorides. These are vinyl halides in which a chlorine atom is bonded to an sp2-hybridised carbon atom.

Kingdom

Organic compounds

Super Class

Organohalogen compounds

Class

Vinyl halides

Sub Class

Vinyl chlorides

Direct Parent

Vinyl chlorides

Alternative Parents

Substituents

Chloroalkene
Haloalkene
Vinyl chloride
Hydrocarbon derivative
Organochloride
Alkyl halide
Alkyl chloride
Aliphatic homopolycyclic compound

Molecular Framework

Aliphatic homopolycyclic compounds

External Descriptors

cyclodiene organochlorine insecticide (CHEBI:34785 )
Organochlorine pesticides (C14185 )
Organochlorine insecticides (C14185 )

Biological Properties

Status

Detected and Not Quantified

Origin

Exogenous

Cellular Locations

Membrane

Biofluid Locations

Not Available

Tissue Locations

Not Available

Applications

Biological Roles

Chemical Roles

persistent organic pollutant

Organoleptic Effects

Not Available

Physical Properties

State

Solid

Appearance

White or tan powder.

Experimental Properties

Property	Value
Melting Point	95.5°C
Boiling Point	135-145°C at 1-1.5 mmHg
Solubility	0.00018 mg/mL at 25 °C [BIGGAR,JW & RIGGS,RI (1974)]

Predicted Properties

Property	Value	Source
Water Solubility	0.00013 g/L	ALOGPS
logP	5.83	ALOGPS
logP	4.78	ChemAxon
logS	-6.4	ALOGPS
Physiological Charge	0	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count	0	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count	0	ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area	0 Å²	ChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count	0	ChemAxon
Refractivity	76.93 m³·mol⁻¹	ChemAxon
Polarizability	29.8 Å³	ChemAxon
Number of Rings	3	ChemAxon
Bioavailability	Yes	ChemAxon
Rule of Five	Yes	ChemAxon
Ghose Filter	Yes	ChemAxon
Veber's Rule	Yes	ChemAxon
MDDR-like Rule	No	ChemAxon

Spectra

Spectrum Type	Description	Splash Key	Deposition Date	View
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum	splash10-0uds-4049000000-c51d741746da649686d9	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum	Not Available	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-00di-0009000000-a9589fd832fad50629ac	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-00di-0019000000-15049c753001bc13ed7d	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-000t-1098000000-839f421f43d7d8de30fa	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-014i-0009000000-2bd310b28b3709b65f28	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-0159-0009000000-d5a7fe4201fe3513e615	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-001j-1059000000-f5ad26dd40c4a2b07f59	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-00di-0009000000-af65d971ec7702fadf45	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-00di-0009000000-af65d971ec7702fadf45	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-00di-0009000000-82bce37062404ee24136	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-014i-0009000000-abb89a0ef7eebdab3a36	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-014i-0009000000-abb89a0ef7eebdab3a36	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-014i-3009000000-cdb75b4e54e455a9ec4d	Not Available	View Spectrum
MS	MS Spectrum	splash10-0fk9-5891000000-440b76d361a75a086f4c	Not Available	View Spectrum

Toxicity Profile

Mechanism of Toxicity

Heptachlor is a central nervous system stimulant. It non-competitively blocks neurotransmitter action at gamma-amino butyric acid receptors, resulting in overstimulation of the nervous system. Heptachlor is also believed to exert carcinogenic effects by activating key kinases in signalling pathways and inhibiting apoptosis. (4, 1, 2)

Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification)

2B, possibly carcinogenic to humans. (7)

Minimum Risk Level

Acute Oral: 0.0006 mg/kg/day (6) Intermediate Oral: 0.0001 mg/kg/day (6)

Symptoms

Heptachlor poisoning may cause convulsions, vomiting, seizures, confusion, incoordination, excitability, coma, hypotension, and respiratory failure. (4)

Treatment

Treatment is symptomatic and is aimed at controlling convulsions, coma, and respiratory depression. (4)

Toxicity Values

Toxicity Value	Unit	Value Range	Organism	Dose Descriptor	Route of Exposure	Predicted or Experimental	Reference
150.0	mg/kg	Not Available	Cat	LC50	Inhalation (4 hours)	experimental	T20
500.0	mg/kg	[500:2000]	Rabbit	LD50	Dermal	experimental	T20
80.0	mg/kg	[80:90]	Rabbit	LD50	Oral	experimental	T20
27.0	mg/kg	Not Available	Rat	LD50	Intraperitoneal	experimental	T20

Health Effects

Health Effect	Relationship	Direction	Reference
cancer	associated_with	Not Available	PMC5132641 , PMC7056722
breast cancer	associated_with	increase	PMC5581466
breast cancer	elevated_in_blood_in	increase	PMC8460037

Exposure Sources

Source ID	Source	Sector	Reference
10	Insecticides	Agriculture & land management	Not Available
115	Drinking water	Drinking water & water supply	Not Available
233	Brushes	Personal care & cosmetics	Not Available
494	Food contact materials	Food, food processing & cookware	Not Available
500	Stairs And Ramps	Building & Construction	Not Available
506	Antennas	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	Not Available
510	Communication Cables Or Conductors	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	Not Available
511	Conductors Or Conductive Bodies Characterised By The Conductive Materials	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	Not Available
514	Discharge Lamps	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	Not Available
518	Electrically Stimulated Smoking Devices	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	Not Available
519	Electrodes	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	Not Available
521	Fixed Capacitors And Their Manufacture	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	Not Available
524	Hybrid Capacitors	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	Not Available
529	Power Cables	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	Not Available
539	Video Games	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	Not Available
545	Food Preservation	Food, food processing & cookware	Not Available
546	Molasses And Treatment Of Molasses	Food, food processing & cookware	Not Available
548	Preparation Of Vinegar	Food, food processing & cookware	Not Available
549	Preparation Of Wine Or Sparkling Wine	Food, food processing & cookware	Not Available
552	Processing Meats	Food, food processing & cookware	Not Available
555	Bleaching Agents	Household cleaning & consumer products	Not Available
561	Perfumes Within Detergents And Soaps	Household cleaning & consumer products	Not Available
563	Soap Detergents	Household cleaning & consumer products	Not Available
579	Manufacture Of Iron Or Steel	Industrial manufacturing & chemical processing	Not Available
580	Manufacture Preparation Of Tobacco Products	Industrial manufacturing & chemical processing	Not Available
583	Anchoring Equipment	Marine, shipping & aquaculture	Not Available
596	Acaricides	Agriculture & land management	Not Available
597	Chemosterilants	Agriculture & land management	Not Available
598	Fertiliser Distributors	Agriculture & land management	Not Available
600	Herbicides And Algicides	Agriculture & land management	Not Available
602	Molluscicides	Agriculture & land management	Not Available
603	Nematocides	Agriculture & land management	Not Available
604	Pest Attractants	Agriculture & land management	Not Available
605	Pest Repellants	Agriculture & land management	Not Available
606	Plant Growth Regulators	Agriculture & land management	Not Available
607	Rodenticides(1)	Agriculture & land management	Not Available
608	Rodenticides	Agriculture & land management	Not Available
610	Aftersun Products	Personal care & cosmetics	Not Available
611	Anti Perspirants Or Body Deoderants	Personal care & cosmetics	Not Available
613	Depilatories	Personal care & cosmetics	Not Available
614	Essential Oils Or Perfumes	Personal care & cosmetics	Not Available
615	Eye Makeup Products	Personal care & cosmetics	Not Available
617	Lip Care Products	Personal care & cosmetics	Not Available
618	Lip Makeup Products	Personal care & cosmetics	Not Available
632	Apparel	Textiles, leather & furnishings	Not Available
638	Decorating Textiles	Textiles, leather & furnishings	Not Available
642	Footwear	Textiles, leather & furnishings	Not Available
652	Ropes	Textiles, leather & furnishings	Not Available
657	Surface Finishing Of Leather	Textiles, leather & furnishings	Not Available
662	Yarns Or Threads	Textiles, leather & furnishings	Not Available

Pathways

0 pathways

No pathways found

No metabolic pathways have been associated with this synthetic chemical

Targets

Structure	Protein	UniProt ID	Organism	Relationship	Details
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-3	P28472	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	12.7673
Click to view 3D structure	Cytochrome P450 3A4	P08684	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	7778.93
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter	P31652	Rattus norvegicus	Predicted (SEA)	7709.64
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium-dependent dopamine transporter	P23977	Rattus norvegicus	Predicted (SEA)	7659.35
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium-dependent dopamine transporter	Q01959	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	7776.44
Click to view 3D structure	Transporter	Q63380	Rattus norvegicus	Predicted (SEA)	7209.15
Click to view 3D structure	Cytochrome P450 2C19	P33261	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	7776.2
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter	P23975	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	7776.12
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter	P31645	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	7774.57
Click to view 3D structure	Cytochrome P450 2D6	P10635	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	7779.94
Click to view 3D structure	Cytochrome P450 1A2	P05177	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	7777.37
Click to view 3D structure	Glutamine synthetase, chloroplastic	P25462	Zea mays	Predicted (SEA)	917.609
Click to view 3D structure	Voltage-gated inwardly rectifying potassium channel KCNH2	Q12809	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	7781.5
Click to view 3D structure	Carbonic anhydrase 9	Q16790	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	7773.79
Click to view 3D structure	Carbonic anhydrase 12	O43570	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	7767.72
Click to view 3D structure	Carbonic anhydrase 1	P00915	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	7775.11
Click to view 3D structure	Cytochrome P450 2C9	P11712	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	7780.87
Click to view 3D structure	Carbonic anhydrase 2	P00918	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	7778.38
Click to view 3D structure	Protein RecA	P9WHJ3	Mycobacterium tuberculosis	Predicted (SEA)	7758.61
Click to view 3D structure	Carbonic anhydrase 14	Q9ULX7	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	7738.29
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium channel protein type 5 subunit alpha	Q14524	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	7763.9
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium channel protein type 9 subunit alpha	Q15858	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	7749.5
Click to view 3D structure	WD repeat-containing protein 91	A4D1P6	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	3873.54
Click to view 3D structure	histidine kinase	O32393	Arthrospira platensis	Predicted (SEA)	0.0778492
Click to view 3D structure	GABA receptor subunit	Q75NA5	Musca domestica	Predicted (SEA)	0.0778492
Click to view 3D structure	Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 2	O75469	Humans	Known	Not Available
Click to view 3D structure	Estrogen receptor	P03372	Humans	Known	Causes endocrine disruption in humans by binding to and inhibiting the estrogen receptor. (A590)
Click to view 3D structure	Estrogen receptor beta	Q92731	Humans	Known	Causes endocrine disruption in humans by binding to and inhibiting the estrogen receptor. (A590)
Click to view 3D structure	Calcium-transporting ATPase type 2C member 1	P98194	Humans	Known	This organochloride inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase and Ca2+ and Mg2+ ATPase, which are essential for the transport of calcium across membranes. This results in the accumulation of intracellular free calcium ions, which promotes release of neurotransmitters from storage vesicles, the subsequent depolarization of adjacent neurons, and the propagation of stimuli throughout the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1	P14867	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-2	P47869	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-3	P34903	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-4	P48169	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-5	P31644	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-6	Q16445	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-1	P18505	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2	P47870	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-3	P28472	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta	O14764	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit epsilon	P78334	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-1	Q8N1C3	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	P18507	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-3	Q99928	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit pi	O00591	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-1	P24046	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-2	P28476	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-3	A8MPY1	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit theta	Q9UN88	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 1	O14983	Humans	Known	This organochloride inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase and Ca2+ and Mg2+ ATPase, which are essential for the transport of calcium across membranes. This results in the accumulation of intracellular free calcium ions, which promotes release of neurotransmitters from storage vesicles, the subsequent depolarization of adjacent neurons, and the propagation of stimuli throughout the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 2	P16615	Humans	Known	This organochloride inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase and Ca2+ and Mg2+ ATPase, which are essential for the transport of calcium across membranes. This results in the accumulation of intracellular free calcium ions, which promotes release of neurotransmitters from storage vesicles, the subsequent depolarization of adjacent neurons, and the propagation of stimuli throughout the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-1	P05023	Humans	Known	This organochloride inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase and Ca2+ and Mg2+ ATPase, which are essential for the transport of calcium across membranes. This results in the accumulation of intracellular free calcium ions, which promotes release of neurotransmitters from storage vesicles, the subsequent depolarization of adjacent neurons, and the propagation of stimuli throughout the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-2	P50993	Humans	Known	This organochloride inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase and Ca2+ and Mg2+ ATPase, which are essential for the transport of calcium across membranes. This results in the accumulation of intracellular free calcium ions, which promotes release of neurotransmitters from storage vesicles, the subsequent depolarization of adjacent neurons, and the propagation of stimuli throughout the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-3	P13637	Humans	Known	This organochloride inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase and Ca2+ and Mg2+ ATPase, which are essential for the transport of calcium across membranes. This results in the accumulation of intracellular free calcium ions, which promotes release of neurotransmitters from storage vesicles, the subsequent depolarization of adjacent neurons, and the propagation of stimuli throughout the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-4	Q13733	Humans	Known	This organochloride inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase and Ca2+ and Mg2+ ATPase, which are essential for the transport of calcium across membranes. This results in the accumulation of intracellular free calcium ions, which promotes release of neurotransmitters from storage vesicles, the subsequent depolarization of adjacent neurons, and the propagation of stimuli throughout the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-1	P05026	Humans	Known	This organochloride inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase and Ca2+ and Mg2+ ATPase, which are essential for the transport of calcium across membranes. This results in the accumulation of intracellular free calcium ions, which promotes release of neurotransmitters from storage vesicles, the subsequent depolarization of adjacent neurons, and the propagation of stimuli throughout the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-2	P14415	Humans	Known	This organochloride inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase and Ca2+ and Mg2+ ATPase, which are essential for the transport of calcium across membranes. This results in the accumulation of intracellular free calcium ions, which promotes release of neurotransmitters from storage vesicles, the subsequent depolarization of adjacent neurons, and the propagation of stimuli throughout the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-3	P54709	Humans	Known	This organochloride inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase and Ca2+ and Mg2+ ATPase, which are essential for the transport of calcium across membranes. This results in the accumulation of intracellular free calcium ions, which promotes release of neurotransmitters from storage vesicles, the subsequent depolarization of adjacent neurons, and the propagation of stimuli throughout the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit gamma	P54710	Humans	Known	This organochloride inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase and Ca2+ and Mg2+ ATPase, which are essential for the transport of calcium across membranes. This results in the accumulation of intracellular free calcium ions, which promotes release of neurotransmitters from storage vesicles, the subsequent depolarization of adjacent neurons, and the propagation of stimuli throughout the central nervous system. (T10)