Acrolein (CED0000025)

Record Information

Version

1.0

Creation Date

2009-03-06 18:57:58 UTC

Update Date

2026-03-31 17:59:10 UTC

Accession Number

CHEM000033

Identification

Common Name

Acrolein

Class

Small Molecule

Description

Acrolein (C3H4O) is an organic compound with an average molecular weight of 56.06 g/mol. It is a liquid at room temperature and is exogenous in origin. Acrolein belongs to the carbonyl compounds, a subclass of organooxygen compounds within the organic compounds. It serves as a biological toxin, metabolite, and human xenobiotic metabolite (PMC5716917), and is utilized industrially as a biocide, herbicide, and as a flavouring and nutrient (PMC5716917). The compound is found in 49 recorded sources, including drinking water, pesticides, building and construction materials such as floors, ceilings, and ladders, food contact materials, and household cleaning and consumer products including bleaching agents and cigarettes. Exposure occurs via touch, oral, and inhalation routes, with literature support for inhalation (PMC10148603). Acrolein has been detected in the liver and kidney tissues. It targets various proteins, including the inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunits alpha (CHUK) and beta (IKBKB) and NF-kappa-B essential modulator (IKBKG), which suppresses interleukin 8 (IL-8) production. It inhibits thioredoxin (TXN), thioredoxin reductase 1 (TXNRD1), and thioredoxin reductase 2 (TXNRD2), disrupting cellular thiol redox balance. Additionally, it inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenases and modifies apolipoprotein A-I (APOA1), interfering with reverse cholesterol transport. It also activates the transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 1 (TRPA1), causing acute pain. Health effects associated with acrolein include inflammation (PMC10507411, PMC13402955, PMC6115949, PMC8374713), pain (PMC8374713), necrosis (PMC5089748), and pulmonary edema (PMC6748696). It is linked to asthma (PMC13116249), Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (PMC6748696), dilated cardiomyopathy (PMC5777598, PMC8724461), atherosclerosis (PMC8724461), diabetic retinopathy (PMC9312548), infertility (PMC12944685), increased blood pressure (PMC9498982), and general disease (PMC2785109).

Contaminant Type

Aldehyde
Food Toxin
Human Neurotoxin
Industrial Precursor/Intermediate
Industrial/Workplace Toxin
Lachrymator
Metabolite
Organic Compound
Pesticide
Pollutant
Synthetic Compound

Chemical Structure

MOL SDF PDB SMILES InChI

Synonyms

Value	Source
Acrylaldehyde	ChEBI
Acrylic aldehyde	ChEBI
Propenal	ChEBI
2-Propen-1-one	HMDB
2-Propenal	HMDB, MeSH
2-Propenaldehyde	HMDB
Acquinite	HMDB
Acraldehyde	HMDB, MeSH
Acroleina	HMDB
Aldehyde, acrylic	HMDB, MeSH
Aldehyde, allyl	HMDB, MeSH
Aldehyde, ethylene	HMDB, MeSH
Allyl aldehyde	HMDB, MeSH
Aqualin	HMDB, MeSH
Aqualine	HMDB
Biocide	HMDB
CH2=chcho	HMDB
Crolean	HMDB
Ethylene aldehyde	HMDB, MeSH
Magnacide	HMDB
Magnacide H	HMDB
Magnacide H and b	HMDB
Papite	HMDB
Prop-2-en-1-al	HMDB
Prop-2-enal	HMDB
Propenaldehyde	HMDB
Propylene aldehyde	HMDB
Slimicide	HMDB
trans-Acrolein formylethylene	HMDB
2 Propenal	MeSH, HMDB

Chemical Formula

C₃H₄O

Average Molecular Mass

56.063 g/mol

Monoisotopic Mass

56.026 g/mol

CAS Registry Number

107-02-8

IUPAC Name

prop-2-enal

Traditional Name

acrolein

SMILES

C=CC=O

InChI Identifier

InChI=1S/C3H4O/c1-2-3-4/h2-3H,1H2

InChI Key

HGINCPLSRVDWNT-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Chemical Taxonomy

Description

Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as enals. These are an alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehyde of general formula RC=C-CH=O in which the aldehydic C=O function is conjugated to a C=C triple bond at the alpha,beta position.

Kingdom

Organic compounds

Super Class

Organic oxygen compounds

Class

Organooxygen compounds

Sub Class

Carbonyl compounds

Direct Parent

Enals

Alternative Parents

Substituents

Enal
Organic oxide
Hydrocarbon derivative
Short-chain aldehyde
Aldehyde
Aliphatic acyclic compound

Molecular Framework

Aliphatic acyclic compounds

External Descriptors

enal (CHEBI:15368 )
Pesticides (C01471 )
a small molecule (ACROLEIN )

Biological Properties

Status

Detected and Not Quantified

Origin

Exogenous

Cellular Locations

Cytoplasm
Extracellular

Biofluid Locations

Not Available

Tissue Locations

Kidney
Liver

Applications

herbicide

Biological Roles

Chemical Roles

Not Available

Organoleptic Effects

Not Available

Physical Properties

State

Liquid

Appearance

Greenish-yellow when impure

Experimental Properties

Property	Value
Melting Point	-87.7°C
Boiling Point	52°C
Solubility	212 mg/mL at 25°C

Predicted Properties

Property	Value	Source
Water Solubility	107 g/L	ALOGPS
logP	0.18	ALOGPS
logP	0.37	ChemAxon
logS	0.28	ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Basic)	-4.3	ChemAxon
Physiological Charge	0	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count	1	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count	0	ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area	17.07 Å²	ChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count	1	ChemAxon
Refractivity	16.37 m³·mol⁻¹	ChemAxon
Polarizability	5.58 Å³	ChemAxon
Number of Rings	0	ChemAxon
Bioavailability	Yes	ChemAxon
Rule of Five	Yes	ChemAxon
Ghose Filter	No	ChemAxon
Veber's Rule	Yes	ChemAxon
MDDR-like Rule	No	ChemAxon

Spectra

Spectrum Type	Description	Splash Key	Deposition Date	View
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum	splash10-0a4i-9000000000-f6aba25388da7855f3eb	Not Available	View Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum	splash10-004i-9000000000-a667e77a9d666459b411	Not Available	View Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum	splash10-0a4i-9000000000-f6aba25388da7855f3eb	Not Available	View Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum	splash10-004i-9000000000-a667e77a9d666459b411	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum	splash10-0a6r-9000000000-4a086c1c9c7836b7b307	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum	Not Available	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-0a4i-9000000000-cf50f66835baacbc5db4	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-0a4i-9000000000-abefe6f7a672744326c1	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-0a6r-9000000000-32a4911454ef635f19ed	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-0a4i-9000000000-4740fe3b45257adba96a	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-0a4i-9000000000-e578c9fb2097eb472d12	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-0a4i-9000000000-c28d7e42ec75bd010f50	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-0a4i-9000000000-af8a08e40e7604e1b105	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-0a4i-9000000000-a0d6dd919aed0acdb715	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-000i-9000000000-f12145ad941c7b169c50	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-0a4i-9000000000-23a60e5f52ca732e0f56	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-0a4i-9000000000-23a60e5f52ca732e0f56	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-0a4i-9000000000-23a60e5f52ca732e0f56	Not Available	View Spectrum
MS	MS Spectrum	splash10-056r-9000000000-34c0891db414206d2b40	Not Available	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, H₂O, predicted)	Not Available	Not Available	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, H₂O, predicted)	Not Available	Not Available	View Spectrum

Toxicity Profile

Mechanism of Toxicity

Acrolein rapidly and irreversibly binds to lysine moieties and sulfhydryl groups found on many cellular molecules forming thiol ethers. By this mechanism acrolein can bind to messenger compounds to produce direct cytotoxic effects or secondary effects from interrupted cell signaling pathways. Perturbation of inflammatory responses in bronchial epithelial cells was demonstrated by direct action of acrolein on the inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B (IκB) kinase, which inhibits activation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) transcription factor and suppresses interleukin 8 (IL-8) production. Rapid binding of acrolein to neural receptors in the corneal and nasal mucosa results in rapid depolarization of the associated neurons to produce ocular and nasal irritation. Acrolein also binds rapidly to glutathione, which may be inhibitory to the enzyme glutathione peroxidase and result in a lower level of cellular protection against oxygen radical toxicity. Further, the adduction of glutathione generates GS-propionaldehyde, which produces oxygen and possibly hydroxy radicals via cytosolic aldehyde dehydrogenase. Acrolein inhibits thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase, which disrupts the cellular thiol redox balance necessary for cell survival. It interferes with normal reverse cholesterol transport by high density lipoprotein (HDL) by modifying specific sites in apolipoprotein A-I. Acrolein also inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenases and activates the transient receptor potential cation channel. (5, 1, 2, 3) High levels of acrolein (>7 mg/m3) cause injury to lungs after short term exposures.

Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification)

3, not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. (8)

Minimum Risk Level

Acute Inhalation: 0.003 ppm (7) Intermediate Inhalation: 0.00004 ppm (7) Intermediate Oral: 2 mg/kg/day (7)

Symptoms

Ingestion of acrolein causes stomach irritation, vomiting, stomach ulcers and bleeding. Breathing acrolein may cause eye watering, burning of the nose and throat and a decreased breathing rate. (5)

Treatment

Not Available

Toxicity Values

Toxicity Value	Unit	Value Range	Organism	Dose Descriptor	Route of Exposure	Predicted or Experimental	Reference
130.0	ppm	Not Available	Rat	LC50	Inhalation (30 minutes)	experimental	T21
562.0	mg/kg	Not Available	Rabbit	LD50	Dermal	experimental	T22
46.0	mg/kg	Not Available	Rat	LD50	Oral	experimental	T22
30.0	mg/kg	Not Available	Rat	LD50	Subcutaneous	experimental	T22

Health Effects

Health Effect	Relationship	Direction	Reference
blood pressure	associated_with	increase	PMC9498982
inflammation	associated_with	Not Available	PMC10507411 , PMC13402955 , PMC6115949 , PMC8374713
pulmonary edema	associated_with	Not Available	PMC6748696
infertility	associated_with	Not Available	PMC12944685
asthma	associated_with	Not Available	PMC13116249
pain	associated_with	Not Available	PMC8374713
necrosis	associated_with	Not Available	PMC5089748
atherosclerosis	associated_with	Not Available	PMC8724461 , PMC8724461
diabetic retinopathy	associated_with	Not Available	PMC9312548
disease	associated_with	Not Available	PMC2785109
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease	associated_with	Not Available	PMC6748696
dilated cardiomyopathy	associated_with	Not Available	PMC5777598 , PMC8724461
hemorrhagic cystitis	associated_with	Not Available	PMC6367514 , PMC6367514

Exposure Sources

Source ID	Source	Sector	Reference
7	Pesticides	Agriculture & land management	Not Available
10	Insecticides	Agriculture & land management	Not Available
115	Drinking water	Drinking water & water supply	Not Available
233	Brushes	Personal care & cosmetics	Not Available
494	Food contact materials	Food, food processing & cookware	Not Available
495	Ceilings	Building & Construction	Not Available
497	Floors	Building & Construction	Not Available
498	Ladders	Building & Construction	Not Available
504	Adjustable Resistors	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	Not Available
506	Antennas	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	Not Available
507	Auxiliary Devices	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	Not Available
508	Coils	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	Not Available
509	Colour Television Systems	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	Not Available
510	Communication Cables Or Conductors	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	Not Available
511	Conductors Or Conductive Bodies Characterised By The Conductive Materials	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	Not Available
513	Cores Yokes Or Armatures	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	Not Available
514	Discharge Lamps	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	Not Available
517	Electric Switches	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	Not Available
518	Electrically Stimulated Smoking Devices	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	Not Available
519	Electrodes	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	Not Available
520	Emergency Protective Devices	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	Not Available
521	Fixed Capacitors And Their Manufacture	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	Not Available
523	Gas Filled Discharge Tubes With Solid Cathode	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	Not Available
524	Hybrid Capacitors	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	Not Available
525	Line Transmission Systems	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	Not Available
526	Loudspeakers	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	Not Available
527	Magnets	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	Not Available
529	Power Cables	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	Not Available
530	Radio Transmission Systems	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	Not Available
531	Relays	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	Not Available
535	Superconducting Magnets And Superconducting Coils	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	Not Available
537	Television Systems	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	Not Available
538	Thin Magnetic Films	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	Not Available
539	Video Games	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	Not Available
543	Cellar Tools	Food, food processing & cookware	Not Available
544	Fermentation Processes For Beer	Food, food processing & cookware	Not Available
545	Food Preservation	Food, food processing & cookware	Not Available
549	Preparation Of Wine Or Sparkling Wine	Food, food processing & cookware	Not Available
550	Preparation Of Wort	Food, food processing & cookware	Not Available
552	Processing Meats	Food, food processing & cookware	Not Available
554	Ash Trays	Household cleaning & consumer products	Not Available
555	Bleaching Agents	Household cleaning & consumer products	Not Available
556	Cigar Cigarettes	Household cleaning & consumer products	Not Available
559	Non Electric Simulated Smoking Devices	Household cleaning & consumer products	Not Available
560	Other Smoking Requisites	Household cleaning & consumer products	Not Available
561	Perfumes Within Detergents And Soaps	Household cleaning & consumer products	Not Available
562	Pipe Accessories	Household cleaning & consumer products	Not Available
563	Soap Detergents	Household cleaning & consumer products	Not Available
564	Soap Dispensers	Household cleaning & consumer products	Not Available
566	Tobacco Pipes	Household cleaning & consumer products	Not Available
569	Tobacco Smoke Filters	Household cleaning & consumer products	Not Available
578	Making Cigars	Industrial manufacturing & chemical processing	Not Available
579	Manufacture Of Iron Or Steel	Industrial manufacturing & chemical processing	Not Available
580	Manufacture Preparation Of Tobacco Products	Industrial manufacturing & chemical processing	Not Available
581	Paper Making Machines	Industrial manufacturing & chemical processing	Not Available
583	Anchoring Equipment	Marine, shipping & aquaculture	Not Available
584	Buoys	Marine, shipping & aquaculture	Not Available
596	Acaricides	Agriculture & land management	Not Available
600	Herbicides And Algicides	Agriculture & land management	Not Available
602	Molluscicides	Agriculture & land management	Not Available
603	Nematocides	Agriculture & land management	Not Available
604	Pest Attractants	Agriculture & land management	Not Available
605	Pest Repellants	Agriculture & land management	Not Available
606	Plant Growth Regulators	Agriculture & land management	Not Available
609	Aftershave	Personal care & cosmetics	Not Available
610	Aftersun Products	Personal care & cosmetics	Not Available
611	Anti Perspirants Or Body Deoderants	Personal care & cosmetics	Not Available
613	Depilatories	Personal care & cosmetics	Not Available
614	Essential Oils Or Perfumes	Personal care & cosmetics	Not Available
615	Eye Makeup Products	Personal care & cosmetics	Not Available
617	Lip Care Products	Personal care & cosmetics	Not Available
618	Lip Makeup Products	Personal care & cosmetics	Not Available
619	Manicure Pedicure	Personal care & cosmetics	Not Available
624	Merry Go Rounds	Recreation & sports surfaces	Not Available
630	Toys	Recreation & sports surfaces	Not Available
631	Anthraquinone Dyes	Textiles, leather & furnishings	Not Available
632	Apparel	Textiles, leather & furnishings	Not Available
633	Azo Dyes	Textiles, leather & furnishings	Not Available
638	Decorating Textiles	Textiles, leather & furnishings	Not Available
640	Embroidering And Tufting	Textiles, leather & furnishings	Not Available
641	Foam Dyeing	Textiles, leather & furnishings	Not Available
642	Footwear	Textiles, leather & furnishings	Not Available
643	Headwear	Textiles, leather & furnishings	Not Available
647	Multicolour Dyeing	Textiles, leather & furnishings	Not Available
650	Purses Luggage Hand Bags	Textiles, leather & furnishings	Not Available
652	Ropes	Textiles, leather & furnishings	Not Available
655	Slide Fasteners	Textiles, leather & furnishings	Not Available
657	Surface Finishing Of Leather	Textiles, leather & furnishings	Not Available
658	Touch Fasteners	Textiles, leather & furnishings	Not Available
659	Transfer Printing	Textiles, leather & furnishings	Not Available
662	Yarns Or Threads	Textiles, leather & furnishings	Not Available

Pathways

7 pathways

Cyclophosphamide Action Pathway

Ifosfamide Action Pathway

Cyclophosphamide Metabolism Pathway

Ifosfamide Metabolism Pathway

Cyclophosphamide Action Pathway (New)

Ifosfamide Alkylating Agent Action Pathway

Chlorambucil Action Pathway

Targets

Structure	Protein	UniProt ID	Organism	Relationship	Details
Click to view 3D structure	Succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase, mitochondrial	P51649	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	103.228
Click to view 3D structure	Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 1	O75762	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	7282.41
Click to view 3D structure	All-trans-retinol dehydrogenase [NAD(+)] ADH1B	P00325	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	30.3612
Click to view 3D structure	Proline racemase	Q9L4Q3	Clostridium sticklandii	Predicted (SEA)	90.3051
Click to view 3D structure	All-trans-retinol dehydrogenase [NAD(+)] ADH7	P40394	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	143.632
Click to view 3D structure	Alcohol dehydrogenase 1A	P07327	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	182.245
Click to view 3D structure	Mitochondrial 2-oxodicarboxylate carrier	Q9BQT8	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	0.934191
Click to view 3D structure	Peroxisomal N(1)-acetyl-spermine/spermidine oxidase	Q8C0L6	Mus musculus	Predicted (SEA)	10.5875
Click to view 3D structure	All-trans-retinol dehydrogenase [NAD(+)] ADH4	P08319	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	248.261
Click to view 3D structure	3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] synthase 2	P9WQD7	Mycobacterium tuberculosis	Predicted (SEA)	165.118
Click to view 3D structure	Seed linoleate 9S-lipoxygenase	P24095	Glycine max	Predicted (SEA)	32.0739
Click to view 3D structure	Alcohol dehydrogenase 1C	P00326	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	206.3
Click to view 3D structure	1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase, chloroplastic	Q9XFS9	Arabidopsis thaliana	Predicted (SEA)	37.2119
Click to view 3D structure	1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase	Q55663	Synechocystis sp. (strain PCC 6803 / Kazusa)	Predicted (SEA)	37.2119
Click to view 3D structure	Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase [NADP(+)]	Q12882	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	657.359
Click to view 3D structure	CXXC-type zinc finger protein 5	Q7LFL8	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	3569.7
Click to view 3D structure	Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 1	Q6RI86	Rattus norvegicus	Predicted (SEA)	7765.23
Click to view 3D structure	Epidermal growth factor receptor	P00533	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	7783.29
Click to view 3D structure	Sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase 1	Q8CHN6	Rattus norvegicus	Predicted (SEA)	583.869
Click to view 3D structure	Catechol O-methyltransferase	Q99028	Sus scrofa	Predicted (SEA)	589.319
Click to view 3D structure	Estrogen receptor	P49884	Bos taurus	Predicted (SEA)	507.888
Click to view 3D structure	Phosphoheptose isomerase	Q93UJ2	Burkholderia pseudomallei (strain K96243)	Predicted (SEA)	117.241
Click to view 3D structure	Fatty acid synthase	P12276	Gallus gallus	Predicted (SEA)	86.8019
Click to view 3D structure	Tyrosine-protein kinase JAK3	P52333	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	7783.68
Click to view 3D structure	Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 1	Q8BLA8	Mus musculus	Predicted (SEA)	7735.57
Click to view 3D structure	Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A1	P00352	Humans	Known	Acrolein inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenases. (A85)
Click to view 3D structure	Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 1	O75762	Humans	Known	Acrolein activates the transient receptor potential cation channel, causing acute pain. (A87)
Click to view 3D structure	Aldehyde dehydrogenase X, mitochondrial	P30837	Humans	Known	Acrolein inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenases. (A85)
Click to view 3D structure	Retinaldehyde dehydrogenase 3	P47895	Humans	Known	Acrolein inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenases. (A85)
Click to view 3D structure	Aldehyde dehydrogenase family 3 member B1	P43353	Humans	Known	Acrolein inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenases. (A85)
Click to view 3D structure	Aldehyde dehydrogenase family 3 member B2	P48448	Humans	Known	Acrolein inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenases. (A85)
Click to view 3D structure	Aldehyde dehydrogenase, dimeric NADP-preferring	P30838	Humans	Known	Acrolein inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenases. (A85)
Click to view 3D structure	Aldehyde dehydrogenase, mitochondrial	P05091	Humans	Known	Not Available
Click to view 3D structure	Alpha-synuclein	P37840	Humans	Known	Not Available
Click to view 3D structure	Amyloid-beta precursor protein	P05067	Humans	Known	Not Available
Click to view 3D structure	Apolipoprotein A-I	P02647	Humans	Known	Acrolein interferes with normal reverse cholesterol transport by high density lipoprotein (HDL) by modifying specific sites in apolipoprotein A-I. (A86)
Click to view 3D structure	Cytosolic 10-formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase	O75891	Humans	Known	Acrolein inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenases. (A85)
Click to view 3D structure	Aldehyde dehydrogenase family 3 member A2	P51648	Humans	Known	Acrolein inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenases. (A85)
Click to view 3D structure	Glutathione S-transferase P	P09211	Humans	Known	Not Available
Click to view 3D structure	Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase	P04406	Humans	Known	Not Available
Click to view 3D structure	Inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit alpha	O15111	Humans	Known	Perturbation of inflammatory responses in bronchial epithelial cells was demonstrated by direct action of acrolein on the inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B (IκB) kinase, which inhibits activation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) transcription factor and suppresses interleukin 8 (IL-8) production. (A83)
Click to view 3D structure	Inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit beta	O14920	Humans	Known	Perturbation of inflammatory responses in bronchial epithelial cells was demonstrated by direct action of acrolein on the inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B (IκB) kinase, which inhibits activation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) transcription factor and suppresses interleukin 8 (IL-8) production. (A83)
Click to view 3D structure	Matrix metalloproteinase-14	P50281	Humans	Known	Not Available
Click to view 3D structure	NF-kappa-B essential modulator	Q9Y6K9	Humans	Known	Perturbation of inflammatory responses in bronchial epithelial cells was demonstrated by direct action of acrolein on the inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B (IκB) kinase, which inhibits activation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) transcription factor and suppresses interleukin 8 (IL-8) production. (A83)
Click to view 3D structure	Retinal dehydrogenase 2	O94788	Humans	Known	Acrolein inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenases. (A85)
Click to view 3D structure	Succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase, mitochondrial	P51649	Humans	Known	Acrolein inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenases. (A85)
Click to view 3D structure	Thioredoxin	P10599	Humans	Known	Acrolein inhibits thioredoxin, which disrupts the cellular thiol redox balance necessary for cell survival. (A84)
Click to view 3D structure	Thioredoxin reductase 1, cytoplasmic	Q16881	Humans	Known	Acrolein inhibits thioredoxin reductase, which disrupts the cellular thiol redox balance necessary for cell survival. (A84)
Click to view 3D structure	Thioredoxin reductase 2, mitochondrial	Q9NNW7	Humans	Known	Acrolein inhibits thioredoxin reductase, which disrupts the cellular thiol redox balance necessary for cell survival. (A84)
Click to view 3D structure	Transcription factor Jun	P05412	Humans	Known	Not Available