3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine (CED0000027)

Record Information

Version

1.0

Creation Date

2009-03-06 18:57:58 UTC

Update Date

2026-08-18 15:30:38 UTC

Accession Number

CHEM000036

Identification

Common Name

3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine

Class

Small Molecule

Description

3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine (C12H10Cl2N2) is an exogenous organic compound with an average molecular weight of 253.13 g/mol. It is a solid at room temperature. 3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine belongs to the biphenyls and derivatives, a subclass of benzene and substituted derivatives within the organic compounds. This manufactured chemical is used in paint, leather, rubber, and pigments for textiles, plastics, enamels, and printing inks. It is present in polyurethane and released in polyethylene terephthalate and polypropylene, though it is not detected in polyamide or polystyrene. Recorded sources of the compound include soap detergents, food contact materials, drinking water, and electrical and electronic equipment, such as electrodes, fixed capacitors and their manufacture, antennas, coils, and conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials. Exposure routes include oral, inhalation, and touch. The compound interacts with 36 recorded protein targets. It acts on the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) to induce cytochrome p-450 enzymes, which metabolize 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine and other polyhalogenated aromatics into toxic intermediates. Its toxicity derives mainly from the adduction of DNA by its metabolites; the formation of nitroso derivatives during metabolism suggests a mechanism for this adduction via a sulfinic acid amide with hemoglobin subunit alpha (HBA1) and hemoglobin subunit beta (HBB). It causes endocrine disruption in humans by binding to and inhibiting the estrogen receptor (ESR1) and estrogen receptor beta (ESR2), and it targets the androgen receptor (AR). Additionally, it antagonizes gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) at GABA-A receptors—including GABRA1, GABRA2, GABRA3, and GABRA4—blocking chloride ion uptake and causing central nervous system hyperexcitability. It also inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase and Ca2+ and Mg2+ ATPase, including ATP2C1, ATP2A1, ATP2A2, and FXYD2, leading to intracellular free calcium ion accumulation and the propagation of stimuli throughout the central nervous system.

Contaminant Type

Amine
Aromatic Hydrocarbon
Industrial Precursor/Intermediate
Industrial/Workplace Toxin
Organic Compound
Organochloride
Pollutant
Synthetic Compound

Chemical Structure

MOL SDF PDB SMILES InChI

Synonyms

Value	Source
3,3-Dichlorobenzidine	MeSH
3,3' Dichlorobenzidine	MeSH
3,3 Dichlorobenzidine	MeSH

Chemical Formula

C₁₂H₁₀Cl₂N₂

Average Molecular Mass

253.127 g/mol

Monoisotopic Mass

252.022 g/mol

CAS Registry Number

91-94-1

IUPAC Name

4-(4-amino-3-chlorophenyl)-2-chloroaniline

Traditional Name

3,3'-dichlorobenzidine

SMILES

NC1=CC=C(C=C1Cl)C1=CC=C(N)C(Cl)=C1

InChI Identifier

InChI=1S/C12H10Cl2N2/c13-9-5-7(1-3-11(9)15)8-2-4-12(16)10(14)6-8/h1-6H,15-16H2

InChI Key

HUWXDEQWWKGHRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Chemical Taxonomy

Description

Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 3,3'-disubstituted benzidines. These are organic compounds containing a benzidine skeleton, which is substituted only at the 3- and 3'-positions.

Kingdom

Organic compounds

Super Class

Benzenoids

Class

Benzene and substituted derivatives

Sub Class

Biphenyls and derivatives

Direct Parent

3,3'-disubstituted benzidines

Alternative Parents

Substituents

3,3'-disubstituted benzidine
Polychlorinated biphenyl
Chlorinated biphenyl
Aniline or substituted anilines
Halobenzene
Chlorobenzene
Aryl halide
Aryl chloride
Amine
Primary amine
Organopnictogen compound
Organonitrogen compound
Organochloride
Organohalogen compound
Organic nitrogen compound
Hydrocarbon derivative
Aromatic homomonocyclic compound

Molecular Framework

Aromatic homomonocyclic compounds

External Descriptors

organochlorine compound (CHEBI:82315 )
biphenyls (CHEBI:82315 )
monochlorobenzenes (CHEBI:82315 )

Biological Properties

Status

Detected and Not Quantified

Origin

Exogenous

Cellular Locations

Membrane

Biofluid Locations

Not Available

Tissue Locations

Not Available

Applications

Not Available

Biological Roles

Not Available

Chemical Roles

Not Available

Organoleptic Effects

Not Available

Physical Properties

State

Solid

Appearance

Gray to purple crystalline solid.

Experimental Properties

Property	Value
Melting Point	132-133°C
Boiling Point	Not Available
Solubility	0.0031 mg/mL at 25 °C [BANERJEE,S et al. (1980)]

Predicted Properties

Property	Value	Source
Water Solubility	0.014 g/L	ALOGPS
logP	3.6	ALOGPS
logP	3.17	ChemAxon
logS	-4.3	ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Basic)	2.95	ChemAxon
Physiological Charge	0	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count	2	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count	2	ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area	52.04 Å²	ChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count	1	ChemAxon
Refractivity	70.2 m³·mol⁻¹	ChemAxon
Polarizability	25.46 Å³	ChemAxon
Number of Rings	2	ChemAxon
Bioavailability	Yes	ChemAxon
Rule of Five	Yes	ChemAxon
Ghose Filter	Yes	ChemAxon
Veber's Rule	No	ChemAxon
MDDR-like Rule	No	ChemAxon

Spectra

Spectrum Type	Description	Splash Key	Deposition Date	View
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum	splash10-0udi-1190000000-24f73fe267571f991098	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum	Not Available	Not Available	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-0f89-0950000000-e1d8ac0da5f211c65d65	Not Available	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-0f89-0920000000-a0acaebe463099f8c45d	Not Available	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-0udi-0390000000-a504760a935655f0ad6e	Not Available	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-0udi-0090000000-e14c2cb52287428839f2	Not Available	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-014i-0090000000-44b7f2dc526920f9e3e3	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-0udi-0090000000-2da30e4a6dae2b880e5e	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-0udi-0090000000-d03397aa4295ebecf622	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-0itc-0950000000-5e7d8b51b049c2f2b5f9	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-0udi-0090000000-1dcd7bb117f620a82c50	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-0udi-0090000000-9f8332f0967b437df6ba	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-0uxr-1190000000-1624efdbdce5c9812b31	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-0udi-0090000000-ad50fe771c7f0687b3dd	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-0udi-0190000000-2d307ba5c02f87017af3	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-016u-0950000000-98304cf4c8eb8aac02f1	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-0udi-2090000000-a02e0d659edcaa44b74c	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-0ue9-5190000000-b984bc558f86e89cff59	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-001i-9100000000-dd9cc100e68f2a032543	Not Available	View Spectrum
MS	MS Spectrum	splash10-0udi-2490000000-b903f233a630b1efdf6d	Not Available	View Spectrum

Toxicity Profile

Mechanism of Toxicity

3,3’-Dichlorobenzidine's mechanism of toxicity derives mainly from the adduction of DNA by its metabolites. The formation of nitroso derivatives during metabolism, yielding a sulfinic acid amide with hemoglobin in erythrocytes, is suggested to be a mechanism for this adduct formation. 3,3’-Dichlorobenzidine can act on the aryl hydrocarbon receptor to induce the activity of cytochrome p-450 enzymes, which metabolize 3,3’-dichlorobenzidine, along with other polyhalogenated aromatics, into their toxic intermediates. (3, 1, 2)

Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification)

2B, possibly carcinogenic to humans. (4)

Minimum Risk Level

Not Available

Symptoms

The salt form of 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine may cause sore throat, respiratory infections, stomach upset, headache, dizziness, caustic burns, and dermatitis. (3)

Treatment

Treatment for 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine poisoning is usually supportive. (3)

Toxicity Values

Toxicity Value	Unit	Value Range	Organism	Dose Descriptor	Route of Exposure	Predicted or Experimental	Reference
8.0	g/kg	Not Available	Rat	LD50	Dermal	experimental	T24
3.82	g/kg	Not Available	Rat	LD50	Oral	experimental	T24

Health Effects

Health Effect	Relationship	Direction	Reference

Exposure Sources

Source ID	Source	Sector	Reference
115	Drinking water	Drinking water & water supply	Not Available
494	Food contact materials	Food, food processing & cookware	Not Available
506	Antennas	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	Not Available
508	Coils	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	Not Available
511	Conductors Or Conductive Bodies Characterised By The Conductive Materials	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	Not Available
519	Electrodes	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	Not Available
521	Fixed Capacitors And Their Manufacture	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	Not Available
524	Hybrid Capacitors	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	Not Available
563	Soap Detergents	Household cleaning & consumer products	Not Available
581	Paper Making Machines	Industrial manufacturing & chemical processing	Not Available
611	Anti Perspirants Or Body Deoderants	Personal care & cosmetics	Not Available
618	Lip Makeup Products	Personal care & cosmetics	Not Available
630	Toys	Recreation & sports surfaces	Not Available
631	Anthraquinone Dyes	Textiles, leather & furnishings	Not Available
632	Apparel	Textiles, leather & furnishings	Not Available
633	Azo Dyes	Textiles, leather & furnishings	Not Available
642	Footwear	Textiles, leather & furnishings	Not Available
648	Nitro Dyes	Textiles, leather & furnishings	Not Available
652	Ropes	Textiles, leather & furnishings	Not Available
655	Slide Fasteners	Textiles, leather & furnishings	Not Available
657	Surface Finishing Of Leather	Textiles, leather & furnishings	Not Available
659	Transfer Printing	Textiles, leather & furnishings	Not Available
662	Yarns Or Threads	Textiles, leather & furnishings	Not Available

Pathways

0 pathways

No pathways found

No metabolic pathways have been associated with this synthetic chemical

Targets

Structure	Protein	UniProt ID	Organism	Relationship	Details
Click to view 3D structure	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Q95323	Bos taurus	Predicted (SEA)	62.5908
Click to view 3D structure	Carbonic anhydrase 9	Q16790	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	230.979
Click to view 3D structure	Carbonic anhydrase 2	P00918	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	299.72
Click to view 3D structure	Carbonic anhydrase 7	P43166	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	135.38
Click to view 3D structure	Carbonate dehydratase	B2V8E3	Sulfurihydrogenibium sp. (strain YO3AOP1)	Predicted (SEA)	30.5169
Click to view 3D structure	Carbonic anhydrase 12	O43570	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	206.067
Click to view 3D structure	Carbonic anhydrase	O24855	Helicobacter pylori (strain ATCC 700392 / 26695) (Campylobacterpylori)	Predicted (SEA)	31.5289
Click to view 3D structure	Carbonic anhydrase	Q6FTL6	Candida glabrata CBS 138	Predicted (SEA)	48.5779
Click to view 3D structure	Alpha carbonic anhydrase	B5SU02	Stylophora pistillata	Predicted (SEA)	29.8941
Click to view 3D structure	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Q3I4V7	Cryptococcus neoformans	Predicted (SEA)	41.1822
Click to view 3D structure	Carbonic anhydrase 6	P23280	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	78.5499
Click to view 3D structure	Carbonic anhydrase	P53615	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288c	Predicted (SEA)	25.7681
Click to view 3D structure	Carbonic anhydrase, alpha family	Q31FD6	Thiomicrospira crunogena	Predicted (SEA)	30.5169
Click to view 3D structure	Carbonic anhydrase 14	Q9ULX7	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	104.318
Click to view 3D structure	Carbonic anhydrase	Q5AJ71	Candida albicans (strain SC5314 / ATCC MYA-2876) (Yeast)	Predicted (SEA)	47.488
Click to view 3D structure	Carbonic anhydrase 1	P00915	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	253.633
Click to view 3D structure	Carbonic anhydrase	C0IX24	Stylophora pistillata	Predicted (SEA)	29.8941
Click to view 3D structure	Carbonic anhydrase 15	Q99N23	Mus musculus	Predicted (SEA)	52.3925
Click to view 3D structure	Beta-carbonic anhydrase 1	P9WPJ7	Mycobacterium tuberculosis	Predicted (SEA)	46.7095
Click to view 3D structure	Carbonic anhydrase 4	P22748	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	93.8083
Click to view 3D structure	Carbonic anhydrase	P40881	Methanosarcina thermophila	Predicted (SEA)	16.3483
Click to view 3D structure	Carbonic anhydrase 5B, mitochondrial	Q9Y2D0	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	84.6221
Click to view 3D structure	Carbonic anhydrase 5A, mitochondrial	P35218	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	107.665
Click to view 3D structure	Delta carbonic anhydrase	Q5U9J1	Conticribra weissflogii	Predicted (SEA)	34.1758
Click to view 3D structure	Carbonic anhydrase 13	Q9D6N1	Mus musculus	Predicted (SEA)	61.1895
Click to view 3D structure	Estrogen receptor	P03372	Humans	Known	Causes endocrine disruption in humans by binding to and inhibiting the estrogen receptor. (A590)
Click to view 3D structure	Estrogen receptor beta	Q92731	Humans	Known	Causes endocrine disruption in humans by binding to and inhibiting the estrogen receptor. (A590)
Click to view 3D structure	Hemoglobin subunit alpha	P69905	Humans	Known	3,3’-Dichlorobenzidine`s mechanism of toxicity derivies mainly from the adduction of DNA by its metabolites. The formation of nitroso derivatives during metabolism, yielding a sulfinic acid amide with hemoglobin in erythrocytes, is suggested to be a mechanism for this adduct formation. (L124, A89)
Click to view 3D structure	Hemoglobin subunit beta	P68871	Humans	Known	3,3’-Dichlorobenzidine`s mechanism of toxicity derivies mainly from the adduction of DNA by its metabolites. The formation of nitroso derivatives during metabolism, yielding a sulfinic acid amide with hemoglobin in erythrocytes, is suggested to be a mechanism for this adduct formation. (L124, A89)
Click to view 3D structure	Androgen receptor	P10275	Humans	Known	Not Available
Click to view 3D structure	Aryl hydrocarbon receptor	P35869	Humans	Known	3,3’-Dichlorobenzidine acts on the aryl hydrocarbon receptor to induce the activity of cytochrome p-450 enzymes, which metabolize 3,3’-dichlorobenzidine, along with other polyhalogenated aromatics, into their toxic intermediates. (A90)
Click to view 3D structure	Calcium-transporting ATPase type 2C member 1	P98194	Humans	Known	This organochloride inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase and Ca2+ and Mg2+ ATPase, which are essential for the transport of calcium across membranes. This results in the accumulation of intracellular free calcium ions, which promotes release of neurotransmitters from storage vesicles, the subsequent depolarization of adjacent neurons, and the propagation of stimuli throughout the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1	P14867	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-2	P47869	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-3	P34903	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-4	P48169	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-5	P31644	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-6	Q16445	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-1	P18505	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2	P47870	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-3	P28472	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta	O14764	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit epsilon	P78334	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-1	Q8N1C3	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	P18507	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-3	Q99928	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit pi	O00591	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-1	P24046	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-2	P28476	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-3	A8MPY1	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit theta	Q9UN88	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 1	O14983	Humans	Known	This organochloride inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase and Ca2+ and Mg2+ ATPase, which are essential for the transport of calcium across membranes. This results in the accumulation of intracellular free calcium ions, which promotes release of neurotransmitters from storage vesicles, the subsequent depolarization of adjacent neurons, and the propagation of stimuli throughout the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 2	P16615	Humans	Known	This organochloride inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase and Ca2+ and Mg2+ ATPase, which are essential for the transport of calcium across membranes. This results in the accumulation of intracellular free calcium ions, which promotes release of neurotransmitters from storage vesicles, the subsequent depolarization of adjacent neurons, and the propagation of stimuli throughout the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-1	P05023	Humans	Known	This organochloride inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase and Ca2+ and Mg2+ ATPase, which are essential for the transport of calcium across membranes. This results in the accumulation of intracellular free calcium ions, which promotes release of neurotransmitters from storage vesicles, the subsequent depolarization of adjacent neurons, and the propagation of stimuli throughout the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-2	P50993	Humans	Known	This organochloride inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase and Ca2+ and Mg2+ ATPase, which are essential for the transport of calcium across membranes. This results in the accumulation of intracellular free calcium ions, which promotes release of neurotransmitters from storage vesicles, the subsequent depolarization of adjacent neurons, and the propagation of stimuli throughout the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-3	P13637	Humans	Known	This organochloride inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase and Ca2+ and Mg2+ ATPase, which are essential for the transport of calcium across membranes. This results in the accumulation of intracellular free calcium ions, which promotes release of neurotransmitters from storage vesicles, the subsequent depolarization of adjacent neurons, and the propagation of stimuli throughout the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-4	Q13733	Humans	Known	This organochloride inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase and Ca2+ and Mg2+ ATPase, which are essential for the transport of calcium across membranes. This results in the accumulation of intracellular free calcium ions, which promotes release of neurotransmitters from storage vesicles, the subsequent depolarization of adjacent neurons, and the propagation of stimuli throughout the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-1	P05026	Humans	Known	This organochloride inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase and Ca2+ and Mg2+ ATPase, which are essential for the transport of calcium across membranes. This results in the accumulation of intracellular free calcium ions, which promotes release of neurotransmitters from storage vesicles, the subsequent depolarization of adjacent neurons, and the propagation of stimuli throughout the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-2	P14415	Humans	Known	This organochloride inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase and Ca2+ and Mg2+ ATPase, which are essential for the transport of calcium across membranes. This results in the accumulation of intracellular free calcium ions, which promotes release of neurotransmitters from storage vesicles, the subsequent depolarization of adjacent neurons, and the propagation of stimuli throughout the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-3	P54709	Humans	Known	This organochloride inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase and Ca2+ and Mg2+ ATPase, which are essential for the transport of calcium across membranes. This results in the accumulation of intracellular free calcium ions, which promotes release of neurotransmitters from storage vesicles, the subsequent depolarization of adjacent neurons, and the propagation of stimuli throughout the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit gamma	P54710	Humans	Known	This organochloride inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase and Ca2+ and Mg2+ ATPase, which are essential for the transport of calcium across membranes. This results in the accumulation of intracellular free calcium ions, which promotes release of neurotransmitters from storage vesicles, the subsequent depolarization of adjacent neurons, and the propagation of stimuli throughout the central nervous system. (T10)