O,P'-DDT (CED0000034)

Record Information

Version

1.0

Creation Date

2009-03-06 18:57:59 UTC

Update Date

2026-08-19 08:30:57 UTC

Accession Number

CHEM000046

Identification

Common Name

O,P'-DDT

Class

Small Molecule

Description

O,P'-DDT belongs to the diphenylmethanes, a subclass of benzene and substituted derivatives within the organic compounds. This exogenous solid has the formula C14H9Cl5 and an average molecular weight of 354.49 g/mol. It is used in low-density polyethylene and is found in or released from food, food processing, and cookware, specifically food contact materials and fermentation processes for beer. Recorded exposure routes include inhalation, oral, and touch. The compound interacts with 49 recorded protein targets. It inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase and Ca2+ and Mg2+ ATPase, including sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunits alpha-1 (ATP1A1), alpha-2 (ATP1A2), alpha-3 (ATP1A3), and alpha-4 (ATP1A4), resulting in intracellular free calcium ion accumulation, neurotransmitter release, and the propagation of stimuli throughout the central nervous system. It also inhibits the ability of calmodulin to transport calcium ions, reducing the rate of depolarization and increasing neuron sensitivity to small stimuli. O,P'-DDT inhibits the inactivation of voltage-gated sodium channels—including sodium channel protein type 1 subunit alpha (SCN1A), type 10 subunit alpha (SCN10A), type 11 subunit alpha (SCN11A), and potassium/sodium hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel 2 (HCN2)—which interferes with sodium transport during repolarization and causes hyperexcitability. Additionally, it antagonizes gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) at GABA-A receptors, including subunits alpha-1 (GABRA1), alpha-2 (GABRA2), alpha-3 (GABRA3), and alpha-4 (GABRA4), blocking chloride ion uptake and causing central nervous system hyperexcitability. Endocrine disruption occurs through binding to the estrogen receptor (ESR1, ESR2) and androgen receptor (AR), which may adversely affect the reproductive system. Other targets include the progesterone receptor (PGR) and nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 2 (NR1I2). Health effects include increased obesity (PMC6312913), overweight (PMC6312913), and breast cancer (PMC10895053), and the compound is elevated in the blood of individuals with breast cancer (PMC10895053).

Contaminant Type

Organic Compound
Organochloride
Pesticide
Synthetic Compound

Chemical Structure

MOL SDF PDB SMILES InChI

Synonyms

Value	Source
O,P'-DDT	Kegg
2-(2-Chlorophenyl)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane	Kegg
O,p-DDT	HMDB
1,1,1-Trichloro-2-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)ethane	HMDB
O,P'-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane	HMDB
2,4'-DDT	HMDB
O,P'-DDT, (R)-isomer	HMDB

Chemical Formula

C₁₄H₉Cl₅

Average Molecular Mass

354.486 g/mol

Monoisotopic Mass

351.915 g/mol

CAS Registry Number

789-02-6

IUPAC Name

1-chloro-2-[2,2,2-trichloro-1-(4-chlorophenyl)ethyl]benzene

Traditional Name

1-chloro-2-[2,2,2-trichloro-1-(4-chlorophenyl)ethyl]benzene

SMILES

ClC1=CC=C(C=C1)C(C1=CC=CC=C1Cl)C(Cl)(Cl)Cl

InChI Identifier

InChI=1S/C14H9Cl5/c15-10-7-5-9(6-8-10)13(14(17,18)19)11-3-1-2-4-12(11)16/h1-8,13H

InChI Key

CVUGPAFCQJIYDT-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Chemical Taxonomy

Description

Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as diphenylmethanes. Diphenylmethanes are compounds containing a diphenylmethane moiety, which consists of a methane wherein two hydrogen atoms are replaced by two phenyl groups.

Kingdom

Organic compounds

Super Class

Benzenoids

Class

Benzene and substituted derivatives

Sub Class

Diphenylmethanes

Direct Parent

Diphenylmethanes

Alternative Parents

Substituents

Diphenylmethane
Halobenzene
Chlorobenzene
Aryl halide
Aryl chloride
Hydrocarbon derivative
Organochloride
Organohalogen compound
Alkyl halide
Alkyl chloride
Aromatic homomonocyclic compound

Molecular Framework

Aromatic homomonocyclic compounds

External Descriptors

diarylmethane (CHEBI:34027 )

Biological Properties

Status

Detected and Not Quantified

Origin

Exogenous

Cellular Locations

Membrane

Biofluid Locations

Not Available

Tissue Locations

Not Available

Applications

Not Available

Biological Roles

Not Available

Chemical Roles

Not Available

Organoleptic Effects

Not Available

Physical Properties

State

Solid

Appearance

White powder.

Experimental Properties

Property	Value
Melting Point	Not Available
Boiling Point	Not Available
Solubility	8.5e-05 mg/mL at 25 °C [YALKOWSKY,SH & DANNENFELSER,RM (1992)]

Predicted Properties

Property	Value	Source
Water Solubility	2.8e-06 g/L	ALOGPS
logP	6.6	ALOGPS
logP	6.46	ChemAxon
logS	-8.1	ALOGPS
Physiological Charge	0	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count	0	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count	0	ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area	0 Å²	ChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count	3	ChemAxon
Refractivity	85.32 m³·mol⁻¹	ChemAxon
Polarizability	31.82 Å³	ChemAxon
Number of Rings	2	ChemAxon
Bioavailability	Yes	ChemAxon
Rule of Five	No	ChemAxon
Ghose Filter	No	ChemAxon
Veber's Rule	Yes	ChemAxon
MDDR-like Rule	No	ChemAxon

Spectra

Spectrum Type	Description	Splash Key	Deposition Date	View
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum	splash10-00kr-2392000000-a8a0544694e39d6ea0c1	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum	Not Available	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-0udi-0009000000-b3d1428ff909538e6d29	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-0udi-0009000000-858fddcfd4fab7a0c23e	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-014i-0039000000-04ea21cd239ca4d3cbef	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-0udi-0009000000-503c1f8788c6431fa214	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-0udi-0009000000-189527111b16976360f7	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-03di-0019000000-e62775a4a03f14c4750d	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-0udi-0009000000-dd77118949b674041bd9	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-0udi-0009000000-dd77118949b674041bd9	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-0uy3-0094000000-bca379e9ad2010d54630	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-0udi-0009000000-17d9b4a570d431baa8a9	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-0udi-0009000000-17d9b4a570d431baa8a9	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-0uxr-0649000000-3d4c624f57c92fd854a6	Not Available	View Spectrum
MS	MS Spectrum	splash10-000i-1490000000-cbd1d026223f44bf4594	Not Available	View Spectrum

Toxicity Profile

Mechanism of Toxicity

DDT toxicity occurs via at least four mechanisms, possibly all functioning simultaneously. DDT reduces potassium transport across the membrane. DDT inhibits inactivation of the porous channels through which sodium ions pass. The channels activate (open) normally but are inactivated (closed) slowly, thus interfering with the active transport of sodium out of the nerve axon during repolarization, causing a state of hyperexcitability. DDT inhibits neuronal adenosine triphosphatases (ATPases), particularly Na+K+-ATPase, and Ca2+-ATPase which play vital roles in neuronal repolarization. DDT also inhibits the ability of calmodulin, a calcium mediator in nerves, to transport calcium ions that are essential for the release of neurotransmitters. All these inhibited functions reduce the rate of depolarization and increase the sensitivity of neurons to small stimuli that would not elicit a response in a fully depolarized neuron. DDT is also believed to adversely affect the reproductive system by mimicking endogenous hormones and binding to the estrogen and adrogen receptors. (7, 2)

Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification)

DDT is possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B). (6)

Minimum Risk Level

Not Available

Symptoms

Acute signs of DDT poisoning include paresthesia after oral ingestion. Studies have shown that a mammal poisoned with DDT-type agents displays periodic persistent tremoring and/or convulsive seizures that are suggestive of repetitive discharges in neurons. These repetitive tremors and seizures can be initiated by tactile and auditory stimuli. (7)

Treatment

Treatment of DDT exposure should be primarily directed towards decontamination and supportive care, as there is no specific antidote. The use of gastric lavage and activated charcoal for large ingestions may be effective. (4)

Toxicity Values

Toxicity Value	Unit	Value Range	Organism	Dose Descriptor	Route of Exposure	Predicted or Experimental	Reference
87.0	mg/kg	Not Available	Rat	LD50	Oral	experimental	L141
1931.0	mg/kg	Not Available	Rat	LD50	Dermal	experimental	L141
1500.0	mg/kg	Not Available	Rat	LD50	Subcutaneous	experimental	L141

Health Effects

Health Effect	Relationship	Direction	Reference
breast cancer	associated_with	increase	PMC10895053
breast cancer	elevated_in_blood_in	Not Available	PMC10895053
overweight	associated_with	increase	PMC6312913
obesity	associated_with	increase	PMC6312913

Exposure Sources

Source ID	Source	Sector	Reference
10	Insecticides	Agriculture & land management	Not Available
494	Food contact materials	Food, food processing & cookware	Not Available
544	Fermentation Processes For Beer	Food, food processing & cookware	Not Available
600	Herbicides And Algicides	Agriculture & land management	Not Available

Pathways

0 pathways

No pathways found

No metabolic pathways have been associated with this synthetic chemical

Targets

Structure	Protein	UniProt ID	Organism	Relationship	Details
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter	P31645	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	251.998
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium-dependent dopamine transporter	Q01959	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	215.487
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter	P23975	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	227.475
Click to view 3D structure	Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor	P08913	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	490.684
Click to view 3D structure	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B	P41595	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	925.394
Click to view 3D structure	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 6	P50406	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	743.304
Click to view 3D structure	Adenosine receptor A3	P0DMS8	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	492.474
Click to view 3D structure	Bile salt export pump	O95342	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	134.446
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter	P31652	Rattus norvegicus	Predicted (SEA)	594.846
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium-dependent dopamine transporter	P23977	Rattus norvegicus	Predicted (SEA)	595.78
Click to view 3D structure	Cytochrome P450 2D6	P10635	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	4282.8
Click to view 3D structure	Histamine H1 receptor	P35367	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	2648.98
Click to view 3D structure	Transporter	Q63380	Rattus norvegicus	Predicted (SEA)	256.591
Click to view 3D structure	D(3) dopamine receptor	P35462	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	3922.74
Click to view 3D structure	Cannabinoid receptor 1	P21554	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	1964.99
Click to view 3D structure	Cytochrome P450 3A4	P08684	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	6409.87
Click to view 3D structure	Androgen receptor	P15207	Rattus norvegicus	Predicted (SEA)	190.341
Click to view 3D structure	Aromatase	P22443	Rattus norvegicus	Predicted (SEA)	2.25763
Click to view 3D structure	Cytochrome P450 2C9	P11712	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	6450.35
Click to view 3D structure	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A	P28223	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	4853.9
Click to view 3D structure	Voltage-gated inwardly rectifying potassium channel KCNH2	Q12809	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	6639.45
Click to view 3D structure	Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1	P14902	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	813.991
Click to view 3D structure	Aromatase	P11511	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	726.178
Click to view 3D structure	Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor	P43140	Rattus norvegicus	Predicted (SEA)	1931.59
Click to view 3D structure	Kappa-type opioid receptor	P41145	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	4166.33
Click to view 3D structure	Estrogen receptor	P03372	Humans	Known	Causes endocrine disruption in humans by binding to and inhibiting the estrogen receptor. (A590)
Click to view 3D structure	Estrogen receptor beta	Q92731	Humans	Known	Causes endocrine disruption in humans by binding to and inhibiting the estrogen receptor. (A590)
Click to view 3D structure	Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 2	O75469	Humans	Known	Not Available
Click to view 3D structure	Androgen receptor	P10275	Humans	Known	DDT is also believed to adversely affect the reproductive system by mimicking endogenous hormones and binding to the estrogen and adrogen receptors. (L85)
Click to view 3D structure	Calcium-transporting ATPase type 2C member 1	P98194	Humans	Known	This organochloride inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase and Ca2+ and Mg2+ ATPase, which are essential for the transport of calcium across membranes. This results in the accumulation of intracellular free calcium ions, which promotes release of neurotransmitters from storage vesicles, the subsequent depolarization of adjacent neurons, and the propagation of stimuli throughout the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1	P14867	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-2	P47869	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-3	P34903	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-4	P48169	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-5	P31644	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-6	Q16445	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-1	P18505	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2	P47870	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-3	P28472	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta	O14764	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit epsilon	P78334	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-1	Q8N1C3	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	P18507	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-3	Q99928	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit pi	O00591	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-1	P24046	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-2	P28476	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-3	A8MPY1	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit theta	Q9UN88	Humans	Known	This organochloride antagonizes the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acting at the GABA-A receptors, effectively blocking the GABA-induced uptake of chloride ions and causing hyperexcitability of the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Potassium/sodium hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel 2	Q9UL51	Humans	Known	DDT inhibits the inactivation of voltaged-gated sodium channels. The channels activate (open) normally but are inactivated (closed) slowly, thus interfering with the active transport of sodium out of the nerve axon during repolarization and resulting in a state of hyperexcitability. (A99)
Click to view 3D structure	Progesterone receptor	P06401	Humans	Known	Not Available
Click to view 3D structure	Sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 1	O14983	Humans	Known	This organochloride inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase and Ca2+ and Mg2+ ATPase, which are essential for the transport of calcium across membranes. This results in the accumulation of intracellular free calcium ions, which promotes release of neurotransmitters from storage vesicles, the subsequent depolarization of adjacent neurons, and the propagation of stimuli throughout the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 2	P16615	Humans	Known	This organochloride inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase and Ca2+ and Mg2+ ATPase, which are essential for the transport of calcium across membranes. This results in the accumulation of intracellular free calcium ions, which promotes release of neurotransmitters from storage vesicles, the subsequent depolarization of adjacent neurons, and the propagation of stimuli throughout the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium channel protein type 1 subunit alpha	P35498	Humans	Known	DDT inhibits the inactivation of voltaged-gated sodium channels. The channels activate (open) normally but are inactivated (closed) slowly, thus interfering with the active transport of sodium out of the nerve axon during repolarization and resulting in a state of hyperexcitability. (A99)
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium channel protein type 10 subunit alpha	Q9Y5Y9	Humans	Known	DDT inhibits the inactivation of voltaged-gated sodium channels. The channels activate (open) normally but are inactivated (closed) slowly, thus interfering with the active transport of sodium out of the nerve axon during repolarization and resulting in a state of hyperexcitability. (A99)
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium channel protein type 11 subunit alpha	Q9UI33	Humans	Known	DDT inhibits the inactivation of voltaged-gated sodium channels. The channels activate (open) normally but are inactivated (closed) slowly, thus interfering with the active transport of sodium out of the nerve axon during repolarization and resulting in a state of hyperexcitability. (A99)
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium channel protein type 2 subunit alpha	Q99250	Humans	Known	DDT inhibits the inactivation of voltaged-gated sodium channels. The channels activate (open) normally but are inactivated (closed) slowly, thus interfering with the active transport of sodium out of the nerve axon during repolarization and resulting in a state of hyperexcitability. (A99)
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium channel protein type 3 subunit alpha	Q9NY46	Humans	Known	DDT inhibits the inactivation of voltaged-gated sodium channels. The channels activate (open) normally but are inactivated (closed) slowly, thus interfering with the active transport of sodium out of the nerve axon during repolarization and resulting in a state of hyperexcitability. (A99)
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium channel protein type 4 subunit alpha	P35499	Humans	Known	DDT inhibits the inactivation of voltaged-gated sodium channels. The channels activate (open) normally but are inactivated (closed) slowly, thus interfering with the active transport of sodium out of the nerve axon during repolarization and resulting in a state of hyperexcitability. (A99)
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium channel protein type 5 subunit alpha	Q14524	Humans	Known	DDT inhibits the inactivation of voltaged-gated sodium channels. The channels activate (open) normally but are inactivated (closed) slowly, thus interfering with the active transport of sodium out of the nerve axon during repolarization and resulting in a state of hyperexcitability. (A99)
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium channel protein type 8 subunit alpha	Q9UQD0	Humans	Known	DDT inhibits the inactivation of voltaged-gated sodium channels. The channels activate (open) normally but are inactivated (closed) slowly, thus interfering with the active transport of sodium out of the nerve axon during repolarization and resulting in a state of hyperexcitability. (A99)
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium channel protein type 9 subunit alpha	Q15858	Humans	Known	DDT inhibits the inactivation of voltaged-gated sodium channels. The channels activate (open) normally but are inactivated (closed) slowly, thus interfering with the active transport of sodium out of the nerve axon during repolarization and resulting in a state of hyperexcitability. (A99)
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium channel regulatory subunit beta-1	Q07699	Humans	Known	DDT inhibits the inactivation of voltaged-gated sodium channels. The channels activate (open) normally but are inactivated (closed) slowly, thus interfering with the active transport of sodium out of the nerve axon during repolarization and resulting in a state of hyperexcitability. (A99)
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium channel regulatory subunit beta-2	O60939	Humans	Known	DDT inhibits the inactivation of voltaged-gated sodium channels. The channels activate (open) normally but are inactivated (closed) slowly, thus interfering with the active transport of sodium out of the nerve axon during repolarization and resulting in a state of hyperexcitability. (A99)
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium channel regulatory subunit beta-3	Q9NY72	Humans	Known	DDT inhibits the inactivation of voltaged-gated sodium channels. The channels activate (open) normally but are inactivated (closed) slowly, thus interfering with the active transport of sodium out of the nerve axon during repolarization and resulting in a state of hyperexcitability. (A99)
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium channel regulatory subunit beta-4	Q8IWT1	Humans	Known	DDT inhibits the inactivation of voltaged-gated sodium channels. The channels activate (open) normally but are inactivated (closed) slowly, thus interfering with the active transport of sodium out of the nerve axon during repolarization and resulting in a state of hyperexcitability. (A99)
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-1	P05023	Humans	Known	This organochloride inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase and Ca2+ and Mg2+ ATPase, which are essential for the transport of calcium across membranes. This results in the accumulation of intracellular free calcium ions, which promotes release of neurotransmitters from storage vesicles, the subsequent depolarization of adjacent neurons, and the propagation of stimuli throughout the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-2	P50993	Humans	Known	This organochloride inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase and Ca2+ and Mg2+ ATPase, which are essential for the transport of calcium across membranes. This results in the accumulation of intracellular free calcium ions, which promotes release of neurotransmitters from storage vesicles, the subsequent depolarization of adjacent neurons, and the propagation of stimuli throughout the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-3	P13637	Humans	Known	This organochloride inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase and Ca2+ and Mg2+ ATPase, which are essential for the transport of calcium across membranes. This results in the accumulation of intracellular free calcium ions, which promotes release of neurotransmitters from storage vesicles, the subsequent depolarization of adjacent neurons, and the propagation of stimuli throughout the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-4	Q13733	Humans	Known	This organochloride inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase and Ca2+ and Mg2+ ATPase, which are essential for the transport of calcium across membranes. This results in the accumulation of intracellular free calcium ions, which promotes release of neurotransmitters from storage vesicles, the subsequent depolarization of adjacent neurons, and the propagation of stimuli throughout the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-1	P05026	Humans	Known	This organochloride inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase and Ca2+ and Mg2+ ATPase, which are essential for the transport of calcium across membranes. This results in the accumulation of intracellular free calcium ions, which promotes release of neurotransmitters from storage vesicles, the subsequent depolarization of adjacent neurons, and the propagation of stimuli throughout the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-2	P14415	Humans	Known	This organochloride inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase and Ca2+ and Mg2+ ATPase, which are essential for the transport of calcium across membranes. This results in the accumulation of intracellular free calcium ions, which promotes release of neurotransmitters from storage vesicles, the subsequent depolarization of adjacent neurons, and the propagation of stimuli throughout the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-3	P54709	Humans	Known	This organochloride inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase and Ca2+ and Mg2+ ATPase, which are essential for the transport of calcium across membranes. This results in the accumulation of intracellular free calcium ions, which promotes release of neurotransmitters from storage vesicles, the subsequent depolarization of adjacent neurons, and the propagation of stimuli throughout the central nervous system. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit gamma	P54710	Humans	Known	This organochloride inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase and Ca2+ and Mg2+ ATPase, which are essential for the transport of calcium across membranes. This results in the accumulation of intracellular free calcium ions, which promotes release of neurotransmitters from storage vesicles, the subsequent depolarization of adjacent neurons, and the propagation of stimuli throughout the central nervous system. (T10)