O,P'-DDD (CED0014572)

Record Information

Version

1.0

Creation Date

2009-03-06 18:58:10 UTC

Update Date

2026-05-14 16:45:01 UTC

Accession Number

CHEM000139

Identification

Common Name

O,P'-DDD

Class

Small Molecule

Description

O,P'-DDD belongs to the diphenylmethanes, a subclass of benzene and substituted derivatives within the organic compounds. This exogenous solid has the formula C14H10Cl4 and an average molecular weight of 320.04 g/mol. It is found in or released from 13 recorded sources, including electrical and electronic equipment such as television systems, magnets, antennas, conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials, and electrically stimulated smoking devices. Other sources include household cleaning and consumer products like perfumes within detergents and soaps, pipe accessories, tobacco smoke filters, and non electric simulated smoking devices, as well as food contact materials and fermentation processes for beer and the preparation of wine or sparkling wine. It is also associated with antineoplastic agents in healthcare, pharmaceuticals, and veterinary products. Recorded exposure routes include oral, inhalation, and touch. The compound interacts with 32 recorded protein targets. It causes endocrine disruption in humans by binding to and inhibiting the estrogen receptor (ESR1 and ESR2) and is believed to adversely affect the reproductive system by binding to the androgen receptor (AR) and mimicking endogenous hormones. Other targets include the progesterone receptor (PGR), nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 2 (NR1I2), adrenodoxin mitochondrial (FDX1), and cytochrome P450 11B1 mitochondrial (CYP11B1). O,P'-DDD inhibits the inactivation of voltage-gated sodium channels, including SCN1A, SCN10A, SCN11A, and HCN2, which interferes with the active transport of sodium out of the nerve axon during repolarization and results in hyperexcitability. Additionally, it inhibits neuronal adenosine triphosphatases, specifically Na+K+-ATPase subunits alpha-1 through alpha-4 (ATP1A1, ATP1A2, ATP1A3, ATP1A4) and Ca2+-ATPase. It also inhibits the ability of calmodulin to transport calcium ions essential for neurotransmitter release, reducing the rate of depolarization and increasing neuronal sensitivity to small stimuli.

Contaminant Type

Antineoplastic Agent, Hormonal
Drug
Organic Compound
Organochloride
Pesticide
Synthetic Compound

Chemical Structure

MOL SDF PDB SMILES InChI

Synonyms

Value	Source
Lysodren	Kegg
Bristol myers squibb brand OF mitotane	MeSH, HMDB
Khloditan	MeSH, HMDB
ortho,Para-DDD	MeSH, HMDB
Chloditan	MeSH, HMDB
Bristol-myers squibb brand OF mitotane	MeSH, HMDB
O,P-DDD	MeSH, HMDB
ortho,Para DDD	MeSH, HMDB
Chlodithane	MeSH, HMDB
Mytotan	MeSH, HMDB

Chemical Formula

C₁₄H₁₀Cl₄

Average Molecular Mass

320.041 g/mol

Monoisotopic Mass

317.954 g/mol

CAS Registry Number

53-19-0

IUPAC Name

1-chloro-4-[2,2-dichloro-1-(2-chlorophenyl)ethyl]benzene

Traditional Name

mitotane

SMILES

ClC(Cl)C(C1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1)C1=CC=CC=C1Cl

InChI Identifier

InChI=1S/C14H10Cl4/c15-10-7-5-9(6-8-10)13(14(17)18)11-3-1-2-4-12(11)16/h1-8,13-14H

InChI Key

JWBOIMRXGHLCPP-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Chemical Taxonomy

Description

Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as diphenylmethanes. Diphenylmethanes are compounds containing a diphenylmethane moiety, which consists of a methane wherein two hydrogen atoms are replaced by two phenyl groups.

Kingdom

Organic compounds

Super Class

Benzenoids

Class

Benzene and substituted derivatives

Sub Class

Diphenylmethanes

Direct Parent

Diphenylmethanes

Alternative Parents

Substituents

Diphenylmethane
Halobenzene
Chlorobenzene
Aryl halide
Aryl chloride
Hydrocarbon derivative
Organochloride
Organohalogen compound
Alkyl halide
Alkyl chloride
Aromatic homomonocyclic compound

Molecular Framework

Aromatic homomonocyclic compounds

External Descriptors

Not Available

Biological Properties

Status

Detected and Not Quantified

Origin

Exogenous

Cellular Locations

Membrane

Biofluid Locations

Not Available

Tissue Locations

Not Available

Applications

Not Available

Biological Roles

Not Available

Chemical Roles

Not Available

Organoleptic Effects

Not Available

Physical Properties

State

Solid

Appearance

White powder.

Experimental Properties

Property	Value
Melting Point	77°C
Boiling Point	Not Available
Solubility	0.1 mg/L (at 25°C)

Predicted Properties

Property	Value	Source
Water Solubility	9.4e-06 g/L	ALOGPS
logP	6.08	ALOGPS
logP	6.11	ChemAxon
logS	-7.5	ALOGPS
Physiological Charge	0	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count	0	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count	0	ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area	0 Å²	ChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count	3	ChemAxon
Refractivity	79.97 m³·mol⁻¹	ChemAxon
Polarizability	29.93 Å³	ChemAxon
Number of Rings	2	ChemAxon
Bioavailability	Yes	ChemAxon
Rule of Five	No	ChemAxon
Ghose Filter	No	ChemAxon
Veber's Rule	Yes	ChemAxon
MDDR-like Rule	No	ChemAxon

Spectra

Spectrum Type	Description	Splash Key	Deposition Date	View
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum	splash10-000i-2590000000-2d3f8090ffa4733bf9ee	Not Available	View Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum	splash10-000i-2590000000-2d3f8090ffa4733bf9ee	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum	splash10-0019-3190000000-3e8980db36b0ac7be7c9	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum	Not Available	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum	Not Available	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-014i-0029000000-a8fe8b7a30127f18cfcf	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-014i-0029000000-b5f28037c9691eb24047	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-0ac0-0790000000-fe84d84c9218b8196292	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-014i-0009000000-eddb407ee0b99900a0ec	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-014i-0229000000-967d4bba6420d7542b78	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-01q9-0390000000-de32116845b75e0077f5	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-014i-0039000000-3c403b01150c1ceb1813	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-001i-0091000000-a71d76ec2ab1019a4927	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-000i-0290000000-251e3f81d8a1025f4436	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-014i-0039000000-90d3b740113c4fec06c3	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-0159-1096000000-d8dfb53c7c6dd6d1051a	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-001i-9160000000-978ead17186c9fd3851c	Not Available	View Spectrum
MS	MS Spectrum	splash10-000i-2690000000-770065ddc57899130a31	Not Available	View Spectrum

Toxicity Profile

Mechanism of Toxicity

DDD toxicity occurs via at least four mechanisms, possibly all functioning simultaneously. DDD reduces potassium transport across the membrane. DDD inhibits the inactivation of voltaged-gated sodium channels. The channels activate (open) normally but are inactivated (closed) slowly, thus interfering with the active transport of sodium out of the nerve axon during repolarization and resulting in a state of hyperexcitability. DDD inhibits neuronal adenosine triphosphatases (ATPases), particularly Na+K+-ATPase, and Ca2+-ATPase which play vital roles in neuronal repolarization. DDD also inhibits the ability of calmodulin, a calcium mediator in nerves, to transport calcium ions that are essential for the release of neurotransmitters. All these inhibited functions reduce the rate of depolarization and increase the sensitivity of neurons to small stimuli that would not elicit a response in a fully depolarized neuron. DDD is also believed to adversely affect the reproductive system by mimicking endogenous hormones and binding to the estrogen and adrogen receptors. (7, 2)

Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification)

Not directly listed by IARC, but carcinogenicity studies of this DDT metabolite are discussed in connection with DDT (6).

Minimum Risk Level

Not Available

Symptoms

DDT exposure causes ataxia and abnormal stepping. Acute signs of DDT poisoning include paresthesia after oral ingestion. Studies have shown that a mammal poisoned with DDT-type agents displays periodic persistent tremoring and/or convulsive seizures that are suggestive of repetitive discharges in neurons. These repetitive tremors and seizures can be initiated by tactile and auditory stimuli. (7)

Treatment

Treatment of DDT exposure should be primarily directed towards decontamination and supportive care, as there is no specific antidote. The use of gastric lavage and activated charcoal for large ingestions may be effective. (5)

Toxicity Values

Toxicity Value	Unit	Value Range	Organism	Dose Descriptor	Route of Exposure	Predicted or Experimental	Reference
113.0	mg/kg	Not Available	Rat	LD50	Oral	experimental	L138

Health Effects

Health Effect	Relationship	Direction	Reference

Exposure Sources

Source ID	Source	Sector	Reference
10	Insecticides	Agriculture & land management	Not Available
233	Brushes	Personal care & cosmetics	Not Available
358	Antineoplastic agents	Healthcare, pharmaceuticals & veterinary products	Not Available
494	Food contact materials	Food, food processing & cookware	Not Available
506	Antennas	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	Not Available
511	Conductors Or Conductive Bodies Characterised By The Conductive Materials	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	Not Available
518	Electrically Stimulated Smoking Devices	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	Not Available
527	Magnets	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	Not Available
537	Television Systems	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	Not Available
544	Fermentation Processes For Beer	Food, food processing & cookware	Not Available
549	Preparation Of Wine Or Sparkling Wine	Food, food processing & cookware	Not Available
559	Non Electric Simulated Smoking Devices	Household cleaning & consumer products	Not Available
561	Perfumes Within Detergents And Soaps	Household cleaning & consumer products	Not Available
562	Pipe Accessories	Household cleaning & consumer products	Not Available
569	Tobacco Smoke Filters	Household cleaning & consumer products	Not Available
580	Manufacture Preparation Of Tobacco Products	Industrial manufacturing & chemical processing	Not Available
596	Acaricides	Agriculture & land management	Not Available
605	Pest Repellants	Agriculture & land management	Not Available
606	Plant Growth Regulators	Agriculture & land management	Not Available
610	Aftersun Products	Personal care & cosmetics	Not Available
611	Anti Perspirants Or Body Deoderants	Personal care & cosmetics	Not Available
632	Apparel	Textiles, leather & furnishings	Not Available
642	Footwear	Textiles, leather & furnishings	Not Available
650	Purses Luggage Hand Bags	Textiles, leather & furnishings	Not Available

Pathways

1 pathway

Mitotane Drug Metabolism Action Pathway

Targets

Structure	Protein	UniProt ID	Organism	Relationship	Details
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter	P31645	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	63.3693
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium-dependent dopamine transporter	Q01959	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	36.9784
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter	P23975	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	36.9005
Click to view 3D structure	Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor	P08913	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	67.1839
Click to view 3D structure	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B	P41595	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	123.78
Click to view 3D structure	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 6	P50406	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	122.846
Click to view 3D structure	Adenosine receptor A3	P0DMS8	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	87.1133
Click to view 3D structure	Bile salt export pump	O95342	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	8.71911
Click to view 3D structure	Acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase, mitochondrial	P24752	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	4.9045
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter	P31652	Rattus norvegicus	Predicted (SEA)	506.721
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium-dependent dopamine transporter	P23977	Rattus norvegicus	Predicted (SEA)	507.733
Click to view 3D structure	Cytochrome P450 2D6	P10635	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	4243.09
Click to view 3D structure	Transporter	Q63380	Rattus norvegicus	Predicted (SEA)	214.397
Click to view 3D structure	Histamine H1 receptor	P35367	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	2410.21
Click to view 3D structure	Cannabinoid receptor 1	P21554	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	1644.95
Click to view 3D structure	Cytochrome P450 3A4	P08684	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	6174.92
Click to view 3D structure	Cytochrome P450 2C9	P11712	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	5963.95
Click to view 3D structure	D(3) dopamine receptor	P35462	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	3997.4
Click to view 3D structure	Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1	P14902	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	628.165
Click to view 3D structure	Voltage-gated inwardly rectifying potassium channel KCNH2	Q12809	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	6498.46
Click to view 3D structure	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A	P28223	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	4631.41
Click to view 3D structure	Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor	P43140	Rattus norvegicus	Predicted (SEA)	1655.15
Click to view 3D structure	Sigma intracellular receptor 2	Q8VD00	Mus musculus	Predicted (SEA)	24.9896
Click to view 3D structure	Cannabinoid receptor 2	P34972	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	2377.36
Click to view 3D structure	Norepinephrine transporter	Q9WTR4	Rattus norvegicus	Predicted (SEA)	795.308
Click to view 3D structure	Estrogen receptor	P03372	Humans	Known	Causes endocrine disruption in humans by binding to and inhibiting the estrogen receptor. (A590)
Click to view 3D structure	Estrogen receptor beta	Q92731	Humans	Known	Causes endocrine disruption in humans by binding to and inhibiting the estrogen receptor. (A590)
Click to view 3D structure	Adrenodoxin, mitochondrial	P10109	Humans	Known	Not Available
Click to view 3D structure	Androgen receptor	P10275	Humans	Known	DDD is also believed to adversely affect the reproductive system by mimicking endogenous hormones and binding to the estrogen and adrogen receptors. (L85)
Click to view 3D structure	Calcium-transporting ATPase type 2C member 1	P98194	Humans	Known	DDD inhibits neuronal adenosine triphosphatases (ATPases), particularly Na+K+-ATPase, and Ca2+-ATPase which play vital roles in neuronal repolarization. This reduces the rate of depolarization and increases the sensitivity of neurons to small stimuli that would not elicit a response in a fully depolarized neuron. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Cytochrome P450 11B1, mitochondrial	P15538	Humans	Known	Not Available
Click to view 3D structure	Potassium/sodium hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel 2	Q9UL51	Humans	Known	DDD inhibits the inactivation of voltaged-gated sodium channels. The channels activate (open) normally but are inactivated (closed) slowly, thus interfering with the active transport of sodium out of the nerve axon during repolarization and resulting in a state of hyperexcitability. (A99)
Click to view 3D structure	Progesterone receptor	P06401	Humans	Known	Not Available
Click to view 3D structure	Sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 1	O14983	Humans	Known	DDD inhibits neuronal adenosine triphosphatases (ATPases), particularly Na+K+-ATPase, and Ca2+-ATPase which play vital roles in neuronal repolarization. This reduces the rate of depolarization and increases the sensitivity of neurons to small stimuli that would not elicit a response in a fully depolarized neuron. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 2	P16615	Humans	Known	DDD inhibits neuronal adenosine triphosphatases (ATPases), particularly Na+K+-ATPase, and Ca2+-ATPase which play vital roles in neuronal repolarization. This reduces the rate of depolarization and increases the sensitivity of neurons to small stimuli that would not elicit a response in a fully depolarized neuron. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium channel protein type 1 subunit alpha	P35498	Humans	Known	DDD inhibits the inactivation of voltaged-gated sodium channels. The channels activate (open) normally but are inactivated (closed) slowly, thus interfering with the active transport of sodium out of the nerve axon during repolarization and resulting in a state of hyperexcitability. (A99)
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium channel protein type 10 subunit alpha	Q9Y5Y9	Humans	Known	DDD inhibits the inactivation of voltaged-gated sodium channels. The channels activate (open) normally but are inactivated (closed) slowly, thus interfering with the active transport of sodium out of the nerve axon during repolarization and resulting in a state of hyperexcitability. (A99)
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium channel protein type 11 subunit alpha	Q9UI33	Humans	Known	DDD inhibits the inactivation of voltaged-gated sodium channels. The channels activate (open) normally but are inactivated (closed) slowly, thus interfering with the active transport of sodium out of the nerve axon during repolarization and resulting in a state of hyperexcitability. (A99)
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium channel protein type 2 subunit alpha	Q99250	Humans	Known	DDD inhibits the inactivation of voltaged-gated sodium channels. The channels activate (open) normally but are inactivated (closed) slowly, thus interfering with the active transport of sodium out of the nerve axon during repolarization and resulting in a state of hyperexcitability. (A99)
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium channel protein type 3 subunit alpha	Q9NY46	Humans	Known	DDD inhibits the inactivation of voltaged-gated sodium channels. The channels activate (open) normally but are inactivated (closed) slowly, thus interfering with the active transport of sodium out of the nerve axon during repolarization and resulting in a state of hyperexcitability. (A99)
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium channel protein type 4 subunit alpha	P35499	Humans	Known	DDD inhibits the inactivation of voltaged-gated sodium channels. The channels activate (open) normally but are inactivated (closed) slowly, thus interfering with the active transport of sodium out of the nerve axon during repolarization and resulting in a state of hyperexcitability. (A99)
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium channel protein type 5 subunit alpha	Q14524	Humans	Known	DDD inhibits the inactivation of voltaged-gated sodium channels. The channels activate (open) normally but are inactivated (closed) slowly, thus interfering with the active transport of sodium out of the nerve axon during repolarization and resulting in a state of hyperexcitability. (A99)
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium channel protein type 8 subunit alpha	Q9UQD0	Humans	Known	DDD inhibits the inactivation of voltaged-gated sodium channels. The channels activate (open) normally but are inactivated (closed) slowly, thus interfering with the active transport of sodium out of the nerve axon during repolarization and resulting in a state of hyperexcitability. (A99)
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium channel protein type 9 subunit alpha	Q15858	Humans	Known	DDD inhibits the inactivation of voltaged-gated sodium channels. The channels activate (open) normally but are inactivated (closed) slowly, thus interfering with the active transport of sodium out of the nerve axon during repolarization and resulting in a state of hyperexcitability. (A99)
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium channel regulatory subunit beta-1	Q07699	Humans	Known	DDD inhibits the inactivation of voltaged-gated sodium channels. The channels activate (open) normally but are inactivated (closed) slowly, thus interfering with the active transport of sodium out of the nerve axon during repolarization and resulting in a state of hyperexcitability. (A99)
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium channel regulatory subunit beta-2	O60939	Humans	Known	DDD inhibits the inactivation of voltaged-gated sodium channels. The channels activate (open) normally but are inactivated (closed) slowly, thus interfering with the active transport of sodium out of the nerve axon during repolarization and resulting in a state of hyperexcitability. (A99)
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium channel regulatory subunit beta-3	Q9NY72	Humans	Known	DDD inhibits the inactivation of voltaged-gated sodium channels. The channels activate (open) normally but are inactivated (closed) slowly, thus interfering with the active transport of sodium out of the nerve axon during repolarization and resulting in a state of hyperexcitability. (A99)
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium channel regulatory subunit beta-4	Q8IWT1	Humans	Known	DDD inhibits the inactivation of voltaged-gated sodium channels. The channels activate (open) normally but are inactivated (closed) slowly, thus interfering with the active transport of sodium out of the nerve axon during repolarization and resulting in a state of hyperexcitability. (A99)
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-1	P05023	Humans	Known	DDD inhibits neuronal adenosine triphosphatases (ATPases), particularly Na+K+-ATPase, and Ca2+-ATPase which play vital roles in neuronal repolarization. This reduces the rate of depolarization and increases the sensitivity of neurons to small stimuli that would not elicit a response in a fully depolarized neuron. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-2	P50993	Humans	Known	DDD inhibits neuronal adenosine triphosphatases (ATPases), particularly Na+K+-ATPase, and Ca2+-ATPase which play vital roles in neuronal repolarization. This reduces the rate of depolarization and increases the sensitivity of neurons to small stimuli that would not elicit a response in a fully depolarized neuron. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-3	P13637	Humans	Known	DDD inhibits neuronal adenosine triphosphatases (ATPases), particularly Na+K+-ATPase, and Ca2+-ATPase which play vital roles in neuronal repolarization. This reduces the rate of depolarization and increases the sensitivity of neurons to small stimuli that would not elicit a response in a fully depolarized neuron. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-4	Q13733	Humans	Known	DDD inhibits neuronal adenosine triphosphatases (ATPases), particularly Na+K+-ATPase, and Ca2+-ATPase which play vital roles in neuronal repolarization. This reduces the rate of depolarization and increases the sensitivity of neurons to small stimuli that would not elicit a response in a fully depolarized neuron. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-1	P05026	Humans	Known	DDD inhibits neuronal adenosine triphosphatases (ATPases), particularly Na+K+-ATPase, and Ca2+-ATPase which play vital roles in neuronal repolarization. This reduces the rate of depolarization and increases the sensitivity of neurons to small stimuli that would not elicit a response in a fully depolarized neuron. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-2	P14415	Humans	Known	DDD inhibits neuronal adenosine triphosphatases (ATPases), particularly Na+K+-ATPase, and Ca2+-ATPase which play vital roles in neuronal repolarization. This reduces the rate of depolarization and increases the sensitivity of neurons to small stimuli that would not elicit a response in a fully depolarized neuron. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-3	P54709	Humans	Known	DDD inhibits neuronal adenosine triphosphatases (ATPases), particularly Na+K+-ATPase, and Ca2+-ATPase which play vital roles in neuronal repolarization. This reduces the rate of depolarization and increases the sensitivity of neurons to small stimuli that would not elicit a response in a fully depolarized neuron. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit gamma	P54710	Humans	Known	DDD inhibits neuronal adenosine triphosphatases (ATPases), particularly Na+K+-ATPase, and Ca2+-ATPase which play vital roles in neuronal repolarization. This reduces the rate of depolarization and increases the sensitivity of neurons to small stimuli that would not elicit a response in a fully depolarized neuron. (T10)
Click to view 3D structure	Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 2	O75469	Humans	Known	Not Available