Hydroxocobalamin (CED0006062)

Record Information

Version

1.0

Creation Date

2009-03-22 21:40:18 UTC

Update Date

2026-05-14 16:24:38 UTC

Accession Number

CHEM000604

Identification

Common Name

Hydroxocobalamin

Class

Small Molecule

Description

Hydroxocobalamin is an endogenous solid with the chemical formula C62H89CoN13O15P. Hydroxocobalamin belongs to the corrinoids, a subclass of tetrapyrroles and derivatives within the organic compounds. With an average molecular weight of 1,346 g/mol, Hydroxocobalamin is a heavy molecule. It is found in healthcare, pharmaceuticals, and veterinary products, specifically within antianemic preparations and unclassified therapeutic products. Exposure routes for the compound include intramuscular, intravenous, and oral administration. Hydroxocobalamin is one of four major forms of vitamin B12, alongside cyanocobalamin, methylcobalamin, and deoxyadenosylcobalamin. It interacts with several protein targets, including Transcobalamin-1 (TCN1), Transcobalamin-2 (TCN2), Protein amnionless (AMN), and Methylmalonic aciduria type A protein, mitochondrial (MMAA). Additionally, cobalt inhibits heme synthesis by preventing the synthesis of 5-aminolaevulinate through the inhibition of 5-aminolevulinate synthase, non-specific, mitochondrial (ALAS1) and 5-aminolevulinate synthase, erythroid-specific, mitochondrial (ALAS2). Cobalt also inhibits carbonic anhydrases 1, 2, and 4 (CA1, CA2, CA4). Further interactions involve cobalt blocking high-voltage-activated calcium channels, including Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit beta-1 (CACNB1) and subunits alpha-1C, alpha-1D, and alpha-1S (CACNA1C, CACNA1D, CACNA1S), which may impair neurotransmission. Cobalt interacts with specific IgA antibodies (IGHA1, IGHA2) and specific IgE antibodies, resulting in immunosensitization. Furthermore, cobalt inhibits DNA repair by interacting with zinc finger DNA repair proteins such as Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 1 (PARP1). Radioactive cobalt also damages lipids, RNA, and DNA through ionizing events.

Contaminant Type

Amide
Amine
Anti-Anemic Agent
Cobalt Compound
Drug
Ether
Food Toxin
Hematinic
Human Neurotoxin
Metabolite
Natural Compound
Nutritional Supplement
Nutritional Support
Organic Compound
Pollutant
Vitamin B Complex

Chemical Structure

MOL SDF PDB SMILES InChI

Synonyms

Value	Source
Hydroxycobalamin	ChEBI
OH-CBL	ChEBI
Vitamin b-12b	ChEBI
Hydroxomin	HMDB
Hydroxo-cobalamin	HMDB
a-(5,6-Dimethylbenzimidazolyl)hydroxocobamide	HMDB
alpha Cobione	HMDB
alpha-(5,6-Dimethylbenzimidazolyl)hydroxocobamide	HMDB
Axlon	HMDB
Ciplamin H	HMDB
Cobalex	HMDB
Cobalin H	HMDB
Cobinamide hydroxide phosphate 3'-ester with 5,6-dimethyl-1-a-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole inner salt	HMDB
Cobinamide hydroxide phosphate 3'-ester with 5,6-dimethyl-1-alpha-delta-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole inner salt	HMDB
Codroxomin	HMDB
Docclan	HMDB
Docelan	HMDB
Docevita	HMDB
Droxomin	HMDB
Ducobee hy	HMDB
Duradoce	HMDB
Duralta-12	HMDB
Hydrocobalamin	HMDB
Hydrogrisevit	HMDB
Hydrovit	HMDB
Hydroxocobalamine	HMDB
Hydroxocobalamin	HMDB

Chemical Formula

C₆₂H₈₉CoN₁₃O₁₅P

Average Molecular Mass

1346.355 g/mol

Monoisotopic Mass

1345.567 g/mol

CAS Registry Number

13422-51-0

IUPAC Name

(10S,12R,13S,17R,23R,24R,25R,30S,35S,36S,40S,41S,42R,46R)-30,35,40-tris(2-carbamoylethyl)-24,36,41-tris(carbamoylmethyl)-1,46-dihydroxy-12-(hydroxymethyl)-5,6,17,23,28,31,31,36,38,41,42-undecamethyl-15,20-dioxo-11,14,16-trioxa-2lambda5,9,19,26,43lambda5,44lambda5,45lambda5-heptaaza-15lambda5-phospha-1-cobaltadodecacyclo[27.14.1.1^{1,34}.1^{2,9}.1^{10,13}.0^{1,26}.0^{3,8}.0^{23,27}.0^{25,42}.0^{32,44}.0^{39,43}.0^{37,45}]heptatetraconta-2(47),3,5,7,27,29(44),32,34(45),37,39(43)-decaene-2,43,44,45-tetrakis(ylium)-1,1,1-triuid-15-olate

Traditional Name

SMILES

[H]O[Co+]N1\C2=C(C)/C3=N/C(=C\C4=N\C(=C(C)/C5=N[C@@](C)([C@@]1([H])[C@H](CC(=O)N)[C@@]2(C)CCC(=O)NC[C@@H](C)OP(=O)([O-])O[C@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@H](O[C@@H]1CO)N1C=NC2=CC(C)=C(C)C=C12)[C@@](C)(CC(N)=O)[C@@H]5CCC(=O)N)\[C@@](C)(CC(=O)N)[C@@H]4CCC(=O)N)/C(C)(C)[C@@H]3CCC(=O)N

InChI Identifier

InChI=1S/C62H90N13O14P.Co.H2O/c1-29-20-39-40(21-30(29)2)75(28-70-39)57-52(84)53(41(27-76)87-57)89-90(85,86)88-31(3)26-69-49(83)18-19-59(8)37(22-46(66)80)56-62(11)61(10,25-48(68)82)36(14-17-45(65)79)51(74-62)33(5)55-60(9,24-47(67)81)34(12-15-43(63)77)38(71-55)23-42-58(6,7)35(13-16-44(64)78)50(72-42)32(4)54(59)73-56;;/h20-21,23,28,31,34-37,41,52-53,56-57,76,84H,12-19,22,24-27H2,1-11H3,(H15,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,71,72,73,74,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,85,86);;1H2/q;+3;/p-3/t31-,34-,35-,36-,37+,41-,52-,53-,56-,57+,59-,60+,61+,62+;;/m1../s1

InChI Key

YOZNUFWCRFCGIH-WZHZPDAFSA-K

Chemical Taxonomy

Description

Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as cobalamin derivatives. These are organic compounds containing a corrin ring, a cobalt atom, an a nucleotide moiety. Cobalamin Derivatives are actually derived from vitamin B12.

Kingdom

Organic compounds

Super Class

Organoheterocyclic compounds

Class

Tetrapyrroles and derivatives

Sub Class

Corrinoids

Direct Parent

Cobalamin derivatives

Alternative Parents

Substituents

Cobalamin
Metallotetrapyrrole skeleton
1-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole
Pentose phosphate
Glycosyl compound
N-glycosyl compound
Pentose monosaccharide
Monosaccharide phosphate
Benzimidazole
Phosphoethanolamine
Dialkyl phosphate
Fatty acyl
N-substituted imidazole
Organic phosphoric acid derivative
Benzenoid
Fatty amide
Alkyl phosphate
Phosphoric acid ester
Monosaccharide
Imidazole
Heteroaromatic compound
Pyrrolidine
Tetrahydrofuran
Azole
Pyrroline
Carboxamide group
Ketimine
Secondary carboxylic acid amide
Secondary alcohol
Primary carboxylic acid amide
Propargyl-type 1,3-dipolar organic compound
Carboxylic acid derivative
Oxacycle
Organic 1,3-dipolar compound
Azacycle
Organic metal salt
Organic transition metal salt
Carbonyl group
Organic cobalt salt
Imine
Organic salt
Organonitrogen compound
Hydrocarbon derivative
Organic oxide
Organopnictogen compound
Organooxygen compound
Alcohol
Organic zwitterion
Organic nitrogen compound
Organic oxygen compound
Primary alcohol
Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound

Molecular Framework

Aromatic heteropolycyclic compounds

External Descriptors

cobalamins (CHEBI:27786 )

Biological Properties

Status

Detected and Not Quantified

Origin

Endogenous

Cellular Locations

Cytoplasm
Extracellular
Membrane

Biofluid Locations

Not Available

Tissue Locations

Not Available

Applications

Not Available

Biological Roles

Not Available

Chemical Roles

Not Available

Organoleptic Effects

Not Available

Physical Properties

State

Solid

Appearance

Red crystals.

Experimental Properties

Property	Value
Melting Point	Not Available
Boiling Point	Not Available
Solubility	1.46e-02 g/L

Predicted Properties

Property	Value	Source
logP	-14	ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Acidic)	1.82	ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)	-0.55	ChemAxon
Physiological Charge	0	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count	14	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count	10	ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area	437.23 Å²	ChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count	16	ChemAxon
Refractivity	340.03 m³·mol⁻¹	ChemAxon
Polarizability	135.56 Å³	ChemAxon
Number of Rings	12	ChemAxon
Bioavailability	No	ChemAxon
Rule of Five	No	ChemAxon
Ghose Filter	No	ChemAxon
Veber's Rule	No	ChemAxon
MDDR-like Rule	Yes	ChemAxon

Spectra

Spectrum Type	Description	Splash Key	Deposition Date	View
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-000i-2120000009-a1a6c934c09c0655b549	Not Available	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-0f79-4240000029-c4f23872a45ca99d454c	Not Available	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-0f79-5240000139-aa3cc38ae6fc78c5c9d7	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-0002-1404000009-d95c227e0c2a01a825ad	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-0002-2902000005-61bd391f47e0b9c2ba4b	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-0002-3930000015-9f00c742a0c9e52997c4	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-000e-2509000000-5c630ca334aea70d2a2d	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-0002-1900000000-be3cf15d7ba2b2a92d24	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-0002-1900000000-545dabccb8cd6ce30e09	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-01ta-0019000000-46cfd5a0cb69ba348e42	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-002b-0059000000-376196659960214456ef	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-02vi-1091000000-dbf9f840b7585cf446f5	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-0006-0009000000-c6a17bec0ebfa0bd6c14	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-0006-0098000000-e7699891d549a172871c	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-0006-0094000000-d1ca36a1a12f6b9d6c83	Not Available	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, D₂O, predicted)	Not Available	Not Available	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, D₂O, predicted)	Not Available	Not Available	View Spectrum

Toxicity Profile

Mechanism of Toxicity

Vitamin B12 exists in four major forms referred to collectively as cobalamins; deoxyadenosylcobalamin, methylcobalamin, hydroxocobalamin, and cyanocobalamin. Two of these, methylcobalamin and 5-deoxyadenosyl cobalamin, are primarily used by the body. Methionine synthase needs methylcobalamin as a cofactor. This enzyme is involved in the conversion of the amino acid homocysteine into methionine. Methionine in turn is required for DNA methylation. 5-Deoxyadenosyl cobalamin is a cofactor needed by the enzyme that converts L-methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA. This conversion is an important step in the extraction of energy from proteins and fats. Furthermore, succinyl CoA is necessary for the production of hemoglobin, the substances that carries oxygen in red blood cells.

Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification)

2B, possibly carcinogenic to humans. (6)

Minimum Risk Level

Chronic Inhalation: 0.0001 mg/m3 (5) Intermediate Oral: 0.01 mg/kg/day (5)

Symptoms

Cobalt inhalation can cause asthma-like breathing problems. Skin contact is known to result in contact dermatitis, which is characterized by irritation and rashes. Ingesting large amounts of cobalt may cause nausea and vomiting. (11)

Treatment

Treatment of cobalt poisoning is symptomatic. (3)

Toxicity Values

Toxicity Value	Unit	Value Range	Organism	Dose Descriptor	Route of Exposure	Predicted or Experimental	Reference
50.0	mL/kg	>50	mice	LD50	i.v.	experimental	L1865

Health Effects

Health Effect	Relationship	Direction	Reference

Exposure Sources

Source ID	Source	Sector	Reference
276	Antianemic preparations	Healthcare, pharmaceuticals & veterinary products	Not Available
409	Unclassified therapeutic products	Healthcare, pharmaceuticals & veterinary products	Not Available

Pathways

1 pathway

Hydroxocobalamin Drug Metabolism Action Pathway

Targets

Structure	Protein	UniProt ID	Organism	Relationship	Details
Click to view 3D structure	Ribonuclease pancreatic	P07998	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	54.0274
Click to view 3D structure	Non-secretory ribonuclease	P10153	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	54.0274
Click to view 3D structure	Glutamine--tRNA ligase	P00962	Escherichia coli (strain K12)	Predicted (SEA)	60.9559
Click to view 3D structure	Histone acetyltransferase GCN5	Q245K9	Tetrahymena thermophila (strain SB210)	Predicted (SEA)	120.433
Click to view 3D structure	Aminoglycoside acetyltransferase	Q70E71	Enterococcus durans	Predicted (SEA)	38.0683
Click to view 3D structure	N-alpha-acetyltransferase 40	Q86UY6	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	91.6285
Click to view 3D structure	1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoyl-CoA synthase	P9WNP5	Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC 25618 / H37Rv)	Predicted (SEA)	56.2071
Click to view 3D structure	S-adenosylmethionine synthase isoform type-1	P13444	Rattus norvegicus	Predicted (SEA)	57.1413
Click to view 3D structure	Aspartate--tRNA ligase	P21889	Escherichia coli (strain K12)	Predicted (SEA)	72.3219
Click to view 3D structure	Histone-arginine methyltransferase CARM1	Q86X55	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	1865.5
Click to view 3D structure	Adenosine receptor A2a	P30543	Rattus norvegicus	Predicted (SEA)	4118.77
Click to view 3D structure	Protein arginine N-methyltransferase 7	Q9NVM4	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	484.456
Click to view 3D structure	Adenosine receptor A2a	P29274	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	6218.44
Click to view 3D structure	Protein arginine N-methyltransferase 5	O14744	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	1231.34
Click to view 3D structure	Protein arginine N-methyltransferase 1	Q99873	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	1316.35
Click to view 3D structure	Protein arginine N-methyltransferase 8	Q9NR22	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	1061.71
Click to view 3D structure	4-diphosphocytidyl-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol kinase	P62615	Escherichia coli (strain K12)	Predicted (SEA)	207.312
Click to view 3D structure	Protein arginine N-methyltransferase 9	Q6P2P2	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	225.062
Click to view 3D structure	2-dehydropantoate 2-reductase	P0A9J4	Escherichia coli K-12	Predicted (SEA)	61.6566
Click to view 3D structure	Met repressor	C3SIU2	Escherichia coli	Predicted (SEA)	92.952
Click to view 3D structure	Adenosine receptor A3	P0DMS8	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	6695.42
Click to view 3D structure	P2Y purinoceptor 1	P47900	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	1691.97
Click to view 3D structure	Adenosine receptor A1	P30542	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	6479.94
Click to view 3D structure	Serine--tRNA ligase	P0A8L1	Escherichia coli (strain K12)	Predicted (SEA)	80.9632
Click to view 3D structure	BirA bifunctional protein	P96884	Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain CDC 1551 / Oshkosh)	Predicted (SEA)	75.5137
Click to view 3D structure	Methionine synthase	Q99707	Humans	Known	Vitamin B12 exists in four major forms referred to collectively as cobalamins; deoxyadenosylcobalamin, methylcobalamin, hydroxocobalamin, and cyanocobalamin. Two of these, methylcobalamin and 5-deoxyadenosyl cobalamin, are primarily used by the body. Methionine synthase needs methylcobalamin as a cofactor. This enzyme is involved in the conversion of the amino acid homocysteine into methionine. Methionine in turn is required for DNA methylation. 5-Deoxyadenosyl cobalamin is a cofactor needed by the enzyme that converts L-methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA. This conversion is an important step in the extraction of energy from proteins and fats. Furthermore, succinyl CoA is necessary for the production of hemoglobin, the substances that carries oxygen in red blood cells.
Click to view 3D structure	Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase, mitochondrial	P22033	Humans	Known	Vitamin B12 exists in four major forms referred to collectively as cobalamins; deoxyadenosylcobalamin, methylcobalamin, hydroxocobalamin, and cyanocobalamin. Two of these, methylcobalamin and 5-deoxyadenosyl cobalamin, are primarily used by the body. Methionine synthase needs methylcobalamin as a cofactor. This enzyme is involved in the conversion of the amino acid homocysteine into methionine. Methionine in turn is required for DNA methylation. 5-Deoxyadenosyl cobalamin is a cofactor needed by the enzyme that converts L-methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA. This conversion is an important step in the extraction of energy from proteins and fats. Furthermore, succinyl CoA is necessary for the production of hemoglobin, the substances that carries oxygen in red blood cells.
Click to view 3D structure	Transcobalamin-2	P20062	Humans	Known	Vitamin B12 exists in four major forms referred to collectively as cobalamins; deoxyadenosylcobalamin, methylcobalamin, hydroxocobalamin, and cyanocobalamin. Two of these, methylcobalamin and 5-deoxyadenosyl cobalamin, are primarily used by the body. Methionine synthase needs methylcobalamin as a cofactor. This enzyme is involved in the conversion of the amino acid homocysteine into methionine. Methionine in turn is required for DNA methylation. 5-Deoxyadenosyl cobalamin is a cofactor needed by the enzyme that converts L-methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA. This conversion is an important step in the extraction of energy from proteins and fats. Furthermore, succinyl CoA is necessary for the production of hemoglobin, the substances that carries oxygen in red blood cells.
Click to view 3D structure	Cyanocobalamin reductase / alkylcobalamin dealkylase	Q9Y4U1	Humans	Known	Vitamin B12 exists in four major forms referred to collectively as cobalamins; deoxyadenosylcobalamin, methylcobalamin, hydroxocobalamin, and cyanocobalamin. Two of these, methylcobalamin and 5-deoxyadenosyl cobalamin, are primarily used by the body. Methionine synthase needs methylcobalamin as a cofactor. This enzyme is involved in the conversion of the amino acid homocysteine into methionine. Methionine in turn is required for DNA methylation. 5-Deoxyadenosyl cobalamin is a cofactor needed by the enzyme that converts L-methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA. This conversion is an important step in the extraction of energy from proteins and fats. Furthermore, succinyl CoA is necessary for the production of hemoglobin, the substances that carries oxygen in red blood cells.
Click to view 3D structure	Carbonic anhydrase 1	P00915	Humans	Known	Cobalt inhibits carbonic anhydrases.(A38, A98)
Click to view 3D structure	Carbonic anhydrase 2	P00918	Humans	Known	Cobalt inhibits carbonic anhydrases.(A38, A98)
Click to view 3D structure	Carbonic anhydrase 4	P22748	Humans	Known	Cobalt inhibits carbonic anhydrases.(A38, A98)
Click to view 3D structure	Corrinoid adenosyltransferase MMAB	Q96EY8	Humans	Known	Vitamin B12 exists in four major forms referred to collectively as cobalamins; deoxyadenosylcobalamin, methylcobalamin, hydroxocobalamin, and cyanocobalamin. Two of these, methylcobalamin and 5-deoxyadenosyl cobalamin, are primarily used by the body. Methionine synthase needs methylcobalamin as a cofactor. This enzyme is involved in the conversion of the amino acid homocysteine into methionine. Methionine in turn is required for DNA methylation. 5-Deoxyadenosyl cobalamin is a cofactor needed by the enzyme that converts L-methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA. This conversion is an important step in the extraction of energy from proteins and fats. Furthermore, succinyl CoA is necessary for the production of hemoglobin, the substances that carries oxygen in red blood cells.
Click to view 3D structure	Cubilin	O60494	Humans	Known	Vitamin B12 exists in four major forms referred to collectively as cobalamins; deoxyadenosylcobalamin, methylcobalamin, hydroxocobalamin, and cyanocobalamin. Two of these, methylcobalamin and 5-deoxyadenosyl cobalamin, are primarily used by the body. Methionine synthase needs methylcobalamin as a cofactor. This enzyme is involved in the conversion of the amino acid homocysteine into methionine. Methionine in turn is required for DNA methylation. 5-Deoxyadenosyl cobalamin is a cofactor needed by the enzyme that converts L-methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA. This conversion is an important step in the extraction of energy from proteins and fats. Furthermore, succinyl CoA is necessary for the production of hemoglobin, the substances that carries oxygen in red blood cells.
Click to view 3D structure	Methionine synthase reductase	Q9UBK8	Humans	Known	Vitamin B12 exists in four major forms referred to collectively as cobalamins; deoxyadenosylcobalamin, methylcobalamin, hydroxocobalamin, and cyanocobalamin. Two of these, methylcobalamin and 5-deoxyadenosyl cobalamin, are primarily used by the body. Methionine synthase needs methylcobalamin as a cofactor. This enzyme is involved in the conversion of the amino acid homocysteine into methionine. Methionine in turn is required for DNA methylation. 5-Deoxyadenosyl cobalamin is a cofactor needed by the enzyme that converts L-methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA. This conversion is an important step in the extraction of energy from proteins and fats. Furthermore, succinyl CoA is necessary for the production of hemoglobin, the substances that carries oxygen in red blood cells.
Click to view 3D structure	Methylmalonic aciduria type A protein, mitochondrial	Q8IVH4	Humans	Known	Vitamin B12 exists in four major forms referred to collectively as cobalamins; deoxyadenosylcobalamin, methylcobalamin, hydroxocobalamin, and cyanocobalamin. Two of these, methylcobalamin and 5-deoxyadenosyl cobalamin, are primarily used by the body. Methionine synthase needs methylcobalamin as a cofactor. This enzyme is involved in the conversion of the amino acid homocysteine into methionine. Methionine in turn is required for DNA methylation. 5-Deoxyadenosyl cobalamin is a cofactor needed by the enzyme that converts L-methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA. This conversion is an important step in the extraction of energy from proteins and fats. Furthermore, succinyl CoA is necessary for the production of hemoglobin, the substances that carries oxygen in red blood cells.
Click to view 3D structure	Protein amnionless	Q9BXJ7	Humans	Known	Vitamin B12 exists in four major forms referred to collectively as cobalamins; deoxyadenosylcobalamin, methylcobalamin, hydroxocobalamin, and cyanocobalamin. Two of these, methylcobalamin and 5-deoxyadenosyl cobalamin, are primarily used by the body. Methionine synthase needs methylcobalamin as a cofactor. This enzyme is involved in the conversion of the amino acid homocysteine into methionine. Methionine in turn is required for DNA methylation. 5-Deoxyadenosyl cobalamin is a cofactor needed by the enzyme that converts L-methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA. This conversion is an important step in the extraction of energy from proteins and fats. Furthermore, succinyl CoA is necessary for the production of hemoglobin, the substances that carries oxygen in red blood cells.
Click to view 3D structure	Transcobalamin-1	P20061	Humans	Known	Vitamin B12 exists in four major forms referred to collectively as cobalamins; deoxyadenosylcobalamin, methylcobalamin, hydroxocobalamin, and cyanocobalamin. Two of these, methylcobalamin and 5-deoxyadenosyl cobalamin, are primarily used by the body. Methionine synthase needs methylcobalamin as a cofactor. This enzyme is involved in the conversion of the amino acid homocysteine into methionine. Methionine in turn is required for DNA methylation. 5-Deoxyadenosyl cobalamin is a cofactor needed by the enzyme that converts L-methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA. This conversion is an important step in the extraction of energy from proteins and fats. Furthermore, succinyl CoA is necessary for the production of hemoglobin, the substances that carries oxygen in red blood cells.
Click to view 3D structure	5-aminolevulinate synthase, erythroid-specific, mitochondrial	P22557	Humans	Known	Cobalt inhibits heme synthesis by preventing synthesis of 5-aminolaevulinate via inhibition of 5-aminolaevulinate synthase. (L22)
Click to view 3D structure	5-aminolevulinate synthase, non-specific, mitochondrial	P13196	Humans	Known	Cobalt inhibits heme synthesis by preventing synthesis of 5-aminolaevulinate via inhibition of 5-aminolaevulinate synthase. (L22)
Click to view 3D structure	Immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1	P01876	Humans	Known	Cobalt interacts with specific IgA antibodies, resulting in immunosensitization. (A102)
Click to view 3D structure	Immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 2	P01877	Humans	Known	Cobalt interacts with specific IgA antibodies, resulting in immunosensitization. (A102)
Click to view 3D structure	Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 1	P09874	Humans	Known	Cobalt inhibits DNA repair by interacting with zinc finger DNA repair proteins. (A103)
Click to view 3D structure	Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C	Q13936	Humans	Known	Cobalt blocks high-voltage-activated calcium channels, possibly impairing neurotransmission. (A100)
Click to view 3D structure	Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D	Q01668	Humans	Known	Cobalt blocks high-voltage-activated calcium channels, possibly impairing neurotransmission. (A100)
Click to view 3D structure	Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1F	O60840	Humans	Known	Cobalt blocks high-voltage-activated calcium channels, possibly impairing neurotransmission. (A100)
Click to view 3D structure	Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1S	Q13698	Humans	Known	Cobalt blocks high-voltage-activated calcium channels, possibly impairing neurotransmission. (A100)
Click to view 3D structure	Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit beta-1	Q02641	Humans	Known	Cobalt blocks high-voltage-activated calcium channels, possibly impairing neurotransmission. (A100)
Click to view 3D structure	Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit beta-2	Q08289	Humans	Known	Cobalt blocks high-voltage-activated calcium channels, possibly impairing neurotransmission. (A100)
Click to view 3D structure	Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit beta-3	P54284	Humans	Known	Cobalt blocks high-voltage-activated calcium channels, possibly impairing neurotransmission. (A100)
Click to view 3D structure	Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit beta-4	O00305	Humans	Known	Cobalt blocks high-voltage-activated calcium channels, possibly impairing neurotransmission. (A100)
Click to view 3D structure	Voltage-dependent N-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1B	Q00975	Humans	Known	Cobalt blocks high-voltage-activated calcium channels, possibly impairing neurotransmission. (A100)
Click to view 3D structure	Voltage-dependent P/Q-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1A	O00555	Humans	Known	Cobalt blocks high-voltage-activated calcium channels, possibly impairing neurotransmission. (A100)
Click to view 3D structure	Voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-1 subunit	Q06432	Humans	Known	Cobalt blocks high-voltage-activated calcium channels, possibly impairing neurotransmission. (A100)
Click to view 3D structure	Voltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-1	P54289	Humans	Known	Cobalt blocks high-voltage-activated calcium channels, possibly impairing neurotransmission. (A100)
Click to view 3D structure	Voltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-2	Q9NY47	Humans	Known	Cobalt blocks high-voltage-activated calcium channels, possibly impairing neurotransmission. (A100)
Click to view 3D structure	Voltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-3	Q8IZS8	Humans	Known	Cobalt blocks high-voltage-activated calcium channels, possibly impairing neurotransmission. (A100)