Nickel chloride (CHEM000614)

Record Information
Version1.0
Creation Date2009-03-23 00:41:39 UTC
Update Date2026-08-17 20:37:44 UTC
Accession NumberCHEM000614
Identification
Common NameNickel chloride
ClassSmall Molecule
Description
Nickel chloride is a chloride of nickel. It is very rarely found in nature as mineral nickelbischofite, and is used mainly in organic synthesis and electroplating. Nickel is a chemical compound with the atomic number 28. It is found abundantly in nature in laterite ore minerals, such as limonite, garnierite, and pentlandite. Nickel has a biological role and is found in certain enzymes, including urease, hydrogenase, methylcoenzyme M reductase, and carbon monoxide dehydrogenase. (2, 3, 5)
Contaminant Sources
  • Clean Air Act Chemicals
  • HPV EPA Chemicals
  • IARC Carcinogens Group 1
  • OECD HPV Chemicals
  • T3DB toxins
  • ToxCast & Tox21 Chemicals
Contaminant Type
  • Industrial/Workplace Toxin
  • Inorganic Compound
  • Nickel Compound
  • Pollutant
  • Synthetic Compound
Chemical Structure
MOLSDFPDBSMILESInChI
Synonyms
ValueSource
[NiCl2]ChEBI
Nickel(II) chlorideChEBI
Nickelous chlorideChEBI
NiCl2ChEBI
Nickel chloride heptahydrateMeSH
Nickel chloride monohydroxideMeSH
Nickel chloride tetrahydrateMeSH
Nickel chloride dihydrateMeSH
Nickel chloride hemihydrateMeSH
Nickel chloride hexahydrateMeSH
Nickel chloride monohydrateMeSH
Nickel chloride trihydroxideMeSH
Nickel chloride hydrateMeSH
Chemical FormulaCl2Ni
Average Molecular Mass129.599 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass127.873 g/mol
CAS Registry Number7718-54-9
IUPAC Namedichloronickel
Traditional Namenickel chloride
SMILESCl[Ni]Cl
InChI IdentifierInChI=1S/2ClH.Ni/h2*1H;/q;;+2/p-2
InChI KeyQMMRZOWCJAIUJA-UHFFFAOYSA-L
Chemical Taxonomy
Description Belongs to the class of inorganic compounds known as transition metal chlorides. These are inorganic compounds in which the largest halogen atom is Chlorine, and the heaviest metal atom is a transition metal.
KingdomInorganic compounds
Super ClassMixed metal/non-metal compounds
ClassTransition metal salts
Sub ClassTransition metal chlorides
Direct ParentTransition metal chlorides
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Transition metal chloride
  • Inorganic chloride salt
  • Inorganic salt
  • Inorganic nickel compound
Molecular FrameworkNot Available
External Descriptors
Biological Properties
StatusDetected and Not Quantified
OriginExogenous
Cellular Locations
  • Cytoplasm
  • Extracellular
Biofluid LocationsNot Available
Tissue LocationsNot Available
PathwaysNot Available
ApplicationsNot Available
Biological Roles
Chemical RolesNot Available
Physical Properties
StateSolid
AppearanceGolden yellow solid.
Experimental Properties
PropertyValue
Melting Point1001°C (anhydrous) 140°C (hexahydrate)
Boiling PointNot Available
SolubilityNot Available
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
logP0.52ChemAxon
Physiological Charge0ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count0ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count0ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area0 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count0ChemAxon
Refractivity12.27 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability7.27 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings0ChemAxon
BioavailabilityYesChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterNoChemAxon
Veber's RuleYesChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemAxon
Spectra
Spectra
Toxicity Profile
Route of ExposureInhalation (3) ; oral (3) ; dermal (3)
Mechanism of ToxicityNickel is known to substitute for other essential elements in certain enzmes, such as calcineurin. It is genotoxic, and some nickel compounds have been shown to promote cell proliferation. Nickel has a high affinity for chromatin proteins, particularly histones and protamines. The complexing of nickel ions with heterochromatin results in a number of alterations including condensation, DNA hypermethylation, gene silencing, and inhibition of histone acetylation, which have been shown to disturb gene expression. Nickel has also been shown to alter several transcription factors, including hypoxia-inducible transcription factor, activating transcription factor, and NF-KB transcription factor. There is also evidence that nickel ions inhibit DNA repair, either by directly inhibiting DNA repair enzymes or competing with zinc ions for binding to zinc-finger DNA binding proteins, resulting in structural changes in DNA that prevent repair enzymes from binding. Nickel ions can also complex with a number of cellular ligands including amino acids, peptides, and proteins resulting in the generation of oxygen radicals, which induce base damage, DNA strand breaks, and DNA protein crosslinks. (3, 1)
MetabolismNickel is absorbed mainly through the lungs and gastrointestinal tract. Once in the body it enters the bloodstream, where it binds to albumin, L-histidine, and _2-macroglobulin. Nickel tends to accumulate in the lungs, thyroid, kidney, heart, and liver. Absorbed nickel is excreted in the urine, wherease unabsorbed nickel is excreted in the faeces. (3)
Toxicity ValuesLD50: 105 mg/kg (Oral, Rat) (8)
Lethal DoseNot Available
Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification)1, carcinogenic to humans. (7)
Uses/SourcesNickel chloride is used mainly in organic synthesis and electroplating. (5)
Minimum Risk LevelChronic Inhalation: 0.0001 mg/m3 (6) Intermediate Oral: 0.01 mg/kg/day (6)
Health EffectsThe most common harmful health effect of nickel in humans is an allergic reaction. This usually manifests as a skin rash, although some people experience asthma attacks. Long term inhahation of nickel causes chronic bronchitis and reduced lung function, as well as damage to the naval cavity. Ingestion of excess nickel results in damage to the stomach, blood, liver, kidneys, and immune system, as well as having adverse effects on reproduction and development. (3)
SymptomsSymptoms of nickel poisoning include headache, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, irritability, and difficulty sleeping, followed by chest pains, sweating, rapid heart beat, and a dry cough. (4)
TreatmentExcess exposure to nickel is usually handled by preventing further exposure and symptomatic treatment. Nickel poisoning may also be treated using chelation therapy with sodium diethyldithiocarbamate. (4)
Concentrations
Not Available
External Links
DrugBank IDNot Available
HMDB IDNot Available
FooDB IDNot Available
Phenol Explorer IDNot Available
KNApSAcK IDNot Available
BiGG IDNot Available
BioCyc IDNot Available
METLIN IDNot Available
PDB IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkNickel_dichloride
Chemspider IDNot Available
ChEBI ID34887
PubChem Compound ID24385
Kegg Compound IDC14711
YMDB IDNot Available
ECMDB IDNot Available
References
Synthesis ReferenceNot Available
MSDSNot Available
General References
1. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=11739495
2. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=12603851
3. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=21928331
4. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=23179351
5. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=23622879
6. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=23702803
7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=23735035
8. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=7671317