Zinc chromate (CED0015197)

Record Information

Version

1.0

Creation Date

2009-03-26 21:27:37 UTC

Update Date

2026-04-06 07:29:41 UTC

SynCED ID

CED0015197

Secondary Accession Numbers

CHEM000640
T3D0713

Identification

Common Name

Zinc chromate

Class

Small Molecule

Description

Zinc chromate is an exogenous inorganic compound with the formula CrH6O4Zn and an average molecular weight of 187.45 g/mol. It exists as a solid at room temperature and is classified as a mixed metal/non-metal compound. Zinc chromate belongs to the transition metal hydroxides, a subclass of transition metal oxoanionic compounds within the inorganic compounds. This compound is used as a pigment known as Yellow 36 or Zinc Yellow and serves as a corrosion resisting agent. Additionally, it is used in plastics including Polypropylene, Polyvinyl Chloride, Low-Density Polyethylene, and High-Density Polyethylene. The compound is found in or released from 23 recorded sources. These include household cleaning and consumer products such as bleaching agents; food, food processing and cookware, specifically processing fish and fermentation processes for beer; building and construction materials like ceilings, tents or canopies, and fencing, stairs and ramps; and electrical and electronic equipment, including antennas, amplifiers, coils, communication cables or conductors, and auxiliary devices. Zinc chromate interacts with several protein targets. It may modify metal regulatory transcription factor 1, inhibiting zinc-induced metallothionein transcription. It can induce carcinogenesis by activating mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1) and mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 (MAPK3), which increases peroxide levels and overstimulates cellular regulatory pathways. Furthermore, chromium can cause transcriptional repression by cross-linking histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1)-DNA methyltransferase 1 complexes to CYP1A1 promoter chromatin. Trivalent chromium may also form complexes with proteins, DNA, and peptides, leading to chromium-DNA adducts, DNA strand breaks, chromosomal aberrations, DNA-protein crosslinks, DNA-DNA interstrand crosslinks, and alterations in cellular signaling pathways. Finally, unbalanced levels of zinc and copper binding to superoxide dismutase [Cu-Zn] (SOD1) has been linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).

Contaminant Type

Chromium Compound
Industrial/Workplace Toxin
Inorganic Compound
Pollutant
Synthetic Compound
Zinc Compound

Chemical Structure

MOL SDF PDB SMILES InChI

Synonyms

Not Available

Chemical Formula

CrH₆O₄Zn

Average Molecular Mass

187.450 g/mol

Monoisotopic Mass

185.896 g/mol

CAS Registry Number

13530-65-9

IUPAC Name

zinc(2+) ion chromium dihydrate dihydroxide

Traditional Name

zinc(2+) ion chromium dihydrate dihydroxide

SMILES

O.O.[OH-].[OH-].[Cr].[Zn++]

InChI Identifier

InChI=1S/Cr.4H2O.Zn/h;4*1H2;/q;;;;;+2/p-2

InChI Key

LFMDYAPVRKGSEN-UHFFFAOYSA-L

Chemical Taxonomy

Classification

Not classified

Biological Properties

Status

Detected and Not Quantified

Origin

Exogenous

Cellular Locations

Centrosome
Cytoplasm
Endoplasmic reticulum
Extracellular

Biofluid Locations

Not Available

Tissue Locations

Not Available

Applications

Not Available

Biological Roles

Not Available

Chemical Roles

Not Available

Organoleptic Effects

Not Available

Physical Properties

State

Solid

Appearance

Yellow solid.

Experimental Properties

Property	Value
Melting Point	Not Available
Boiling Point	Not Available
Solubility	Not Available

Predicted Properties

Property	Value	Source
Water Solubility	1000 g/L	ALOGPS
logP	-1.3	ALOGPS
logP	-0.16	ChemAxon
logS	1	ALOGPS
Physiological Charge	0	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count	0	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count	0	ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area	0 Å²	ChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count	0	ChemAxon
Refractivity	0 m³·mol⁻¹	ChemAxon
Polarizability	1.78 Å³	ChemAxon
Number of Rings	0	ChemAxon
Bioavailability	Yes	ChemAxon
Rule of Five	Yes	ChemAxon
Ghose Filter	No	ChemAxon
Veber's Rule	Yes	ChemAxon
MDDR-like Rule	No	ChemAxon

Spectra

Spectrum Type	Description	Splash Key	Deposition Date	View
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-000i-0900000000-710205f9001736f166f7	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-000i-0900000000-710205f9001736f166f7	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-000i-0900000000-710205f9001736f166f7	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-001i-0900000000-96e1de89f62fb4b05a29	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-001i-0900000000-96e1de89f62fb4b05a29	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-001i-0900000000-96e1de89f62fb4b05a29	Not Available	View Spectrum

Toxicity Profile

Toxicity Values

Not Available

Toxicity / Toxin Class

Not Available

Mechanism of Toxicity

Anaemia results from the excessive absorption of zinc suppressing copper and iron absorption, most likely through competitive binding of intestinal mucosal cells. Unbalanced levels of copper and zinc binding to Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase has been linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Stomach acid dissolves metallic zinc to give corrosive zinc chloride, which can cause damage to the stomach lining. Metal fume fever is thought to be an immune response to inhaled zinc. Hexavalent chromium's carcinogenic effects are caused by its metabolites, pentavalent and trivalent chromium. The DNA damage may be caused by hydroxyl radicals produced during reoxidation of pentavalent chromium by hydrogen peroxide molecules present in the cell. Trivalent chromium may also form complexes with peptides, proteins, and DNA, resulting in DNA-protein crosslinks, DNA strand breaks, DNA-DNA interstrand crosslinks, chromium-DNA adducts, chromosomal aberrations and alterations in cellular signaling pathways. It has been shown to induce carcinogenesis by overstimulating cellular regulatory pathways and increasing peroxide levels by activating certain mitogen-activated protein kinases. It can also cause transcriptional repression by cross-linking histone deacetylase 1-DNA methyltransferase 1 complexes to CYP1A1 promoter chromatin, inhibiting histone modification. Chromium may increase its own toxicity by modifying metal regulatory transcription factor 1, causing the inhibition of zinc-induced metallothionein transcription. (1, 7, 2, 3, 4, 8, 9, 5)

Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification)

1, carcinogenic to humans. (13)

Minimum Risk Level

Intermediate Oral: 0.3 mg/kg/day (Zinc) (12) Chronic Oral: 0.3 mg/kg/day (Zinc) (12) Intermediate Oral: 0.005 mg/kg/day (Hexavalent Chromium) (12) Chronic Oral: 0.001 mg/kg/day (Hexavalent Chromium) (12)

Symptoms

Ingestion of large doses of zinc causes stomach cramps, nausea, and vomiting. Acute inhalation of large amounts of zinc causes metal fume fever, which is characterized by chills, fever, headache, weakness, dryness of the nose and throat, chest pain, and coughing. Dermal contact with zinc results in skin irritation. Breathing hexavalent chromium can cause irritation to the lining of the nose, nose ulcers, runny nose, and breathing problems, such as asthma, cough, shortness of breath, or wheezing. Ingestion of hexavalent chromium causes irritation and ulcers in the stomach and small intestine, as well as anemia. Skin contact can cause skin ulcers. (7, 9)

Treatment

Zinc poisoning is treated symptomatically, often by administering fluids such as water or milk, or with gastric lavage. There is no know antidote for chromium poisoning. Exposure is usually handled with symptomatic treatment. (7, 9)

Health Effects

Health Effect	Relationship	Direction	Description	Reference
Chromosomal Instability	Associated With?	Not Available	Not Available	PMC12871393

Exposure Sources

Source ID	Source	Sector	Reference
CEDs000010	Insecticides?Insecticides are synthetic chemicals designed to control or eliminate insect pests that threaten crops and other agricultural products.	Agriculture & land management	PubChem
CEDs000070	Stormwater runoff?Stormwater runoff refers to the flow of rainwater or melted snow that does not soak into the ground and instead collects pollutants as it travels over impervious surfaces such as roads and parking lots.	Automotive & urban infrastructure	PubChem
CEDs000233	Brushes?Brushes used in personal care and cosmetics can be a source of synthetic chemical contamination due to the materials and coatings used in their manufacturing.	Personal care & cosmetics	PubChem
CEDs000495	Ceilings?Ceilings in built environments can be a source of synthetic chemical contamination due to the materials used in their construction and finishes.	Building & Construction	PubChem
CEDs000496	Fencing?Fencing materials, particularly those used in construction and landscaping, can be a source of synthetic chemical contamination due to the treatments and coatings applied for durability and weather resistance.	Building & Construction	PubChem
CEDs000500	Stairs And Ramps?Stairs and ramps in construction are often treated with various synthetic chemicals to enhance durability, slip resistance, and weather resistance.	Building & Construction	PubChem
CEDs000503	Tents Or Canopies?Tents and canopies used in various applications can be a source of synthetic chemical contamination primarily due to the materials from which they are made.	Building & Construction	PubChem
CEDs000505	Amplifiers?Amplifiers, commonly used in various electronic devices to enhance signal strength, can be a source of synthetic chemical contamination due to the materials and processes involved in their production and disposal.	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	PubChem
CEDs000506	Antennas?Antennas, commonly used in communication technologies, can be a source of synthetic chemical contamination through the materials and coatings used in their construction.	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	PubChem
CEDs000507	Auxiliary Devices?Auxiliary devices, such as capacitors, transformers, and circuit breakers, are integral components in various electronic systems.	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	PubChem
CEDs000508	Coils?Coils are components used in various electrical and electronic applications, such as transformers, inductors, and motors.	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	PubChem
CEDs000510	Communication Cables Or Conductors?Communication cables or conductors are essential components in the transmission of data and signals in various applications, including telecommunications and networking.	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	PubChem
CEDs000511	Conductors Or Conductive Bodies Characterised By The Conductive Materials?Conductors, or conductive bodies, are materials that allow the flow of electrical current, typically made from metals such as copper, aluminum, or silver.	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	PubChem
CEDs000513	Cores Yokes Or Armatures?Cores, yokes, or armatures are components commonly found in electrical devices, used to facilitate the magnetic and electrical functions within motors, transformers, and generators.	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	PubChem
CEDs000514	Discharge Lamps?Discharge lamps, including fluorescent and high-intensity discharge (HID) lamps, are commonly used for lighting applications due to their energy efficiency and brightness.	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	PubChem
CEDs000516	Electric Hearing Aids?Electric hearing aids are small electronic devices designed to amplify sound for individuals with hearing loss.	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	PubChem
CEDs000517	Electric Switches?Electric switches, integral components in numerous devices, can be a source of synthetic chemical contamination due to the materials and manufacturing processes involved in their production.	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	PubChem
CEDs000519	Electrodes?Electrodes, used in various electrical and electronic applications, can be a source of synthetic chemical contamination due to the materials from which they are constructed and the processes involved in their manufacturing.	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	PubChem
CEDs000521	Fixed Capacitors And Their Manufacture?Fixed capacitors are passive electronic components used to store and release electrical energy, playing a critical role in various circuits.	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	PubChem
CEDs000524	Hybrid Capacitors?Hybrid capacitors are energy storage devices that combine the properties of electrolytic and supercapacitors, utilizing a combination of electrochemical principles to achieve higher energy density and power density.	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	PubChem
CEDs000527	Magnets?Magnets, commonly used in various electrical and electronic applications, can be a source of synthetic chemical contamination due to the materials used in their production.	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	PubChem
CEDs000529	Power Cables?Power cables are used to transmit electrical energy and are typically composed of conductive materials, insulation, and protective coatings.	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	PubChem
CEDs000530	Radio Transmission Systems?Radio transmission systems utilize a variety of synthetic chemicals in their manufacturing and maintenance processes.	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	PubChem
CEDs000533	Sparking Plugs?Spark plugs are critical components in internal combustion engines, facilitating the ignition of fuel-air mixtures by generating a spark.	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	PubChem
CEDs000537	Television Systems?Television systems can be a source of synthetic chemical contamination due to the various materials and components used in their manufacture and operation.	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	PubChem
CEDs000538	Thin Magnetic Films?Thin magnetic films are layers of magnetic material ranging from a few nanometers to several micrometers in thickness, commonly used in applications such as magnetic sensors, data storage devices, and electronic components.	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	PubChem
CEDs000544	Fermentation Processes For Beer?Fermentation processes for beer involve the conversion of sugars into alcohol and carbon dioxide by yeast.	Food, food processing & cookware	PubChem
CEDs000545	Food Preservation?Food preservation often involves the use of synthetic chemicals, such as preservatives, flavor enhancers, and color additives, to extend shelf life and enhance the sensory qualities of food products.	Food, food processing & cookware	PubChem
CEDs000551	Processing Fish?Processing fish can lead to synthetic chemical contamination through various stages of production and preservation.	Food, food processing & cookware	PubChem
CEDs000555	Bleaching Agents?Bleaching agents are chemical substances used to whiten or lighten materials, often employed in various cleaning products for their stain removal and disinfecting properties.	Household cleaning & consumer products	PubChem
CEDs000561	Perfumes Within Detergents And Soaps?Perfumes within detergents and soaps are synthetic fragrance compounds added to enhance the sensory experience of cleaning products.	Household cleaning & consumer products	PubChem
CEDs000563	Soap Detergents?Soap detergents are synthetic surfactants designed to enhance the cleaning efficacy of water by reducing surface tension, allowing for better interaction with dirt and grease.	Household cleaning & consumer products	PubChem
CEDs000579	Manufacture Of Iron Or Steel?The manufacture of iron or steel involves various processes, including smelting, refining, and alloying, which can result in the release of synthetic chemicals and contaminants.	Industrial manufacturing & chemical processing	PubChem
CEDs000581	Paper Making Machines?Paper making machines utilize various synthetic chemicals throughout the production process, including additives, coatings, and bleaching agents.	Industrial manufacturing & chemical processing	PubChem
CEDs000583	Anchoring Equipment?Anchoring equipment, commonly used in marine applications, can be a source of synthetic chemical contamination due to the materials and coatings utilized in their manufacturing.	Marine, shipping & aquaculture	PubChem
CEDs000584	Buoys?Buoys, often used for navigation and marine monitoring, can be sources of synthetic chemical contamination due to the materials and coatings employed in their construction.	Marine, shipping & aquaculture	PubChem
CEDs000589	Life Buoys?Life buoys, commonly used in marine environments for safety and rescue operations, can be a source of synthetic chemical contamination due to the materials used in their production.	Marine, shipping & aquaculture	PubChem
CEDs000592	Marine Propulsion Or Steering?Marine propulsion and steering systems often rely on various synthetic chemicals, including lubricants, fuels, and hydraulic fluids.	Marine, shipping & aquaculture	PubChem
CEDs000596	Acaricides?Acaricides are synthetic chemicals specifically designed to target and control mite populations that can damage crops and plants.	Agriculture & land management	PubChem
CEDs000600	Herbicides And Algicides?Herbicides and algicides are synthetic chemicals primarily used to control unwanted plants and algae in various environments.	Agriculture & land management	PubChem
CEDs000603	Nematocides?Nematocides are synthetic chemicals specifically designed to control nematodes, which are microscopic roundworms that can cause significant damage to crops and plants.	Agriculture & land management	PubChem
CEDs000606	Plant Growth Regulators?Plant Growth Regulators (PGRs) are synthetic chemicals designed to influence the growth and development of plants.	Agriculture & land management	PubChem
CEDs000611	Anti Perspirants Or Body Deoderants?Antiperspirants and body deodorants commonly contain synthetic chemicals such as aluminum compounds, parabens, and synthetic fragrances.	Personal care & cosmetics	PubChem
CEDs000612	Body Washing Or Cleaning Implements?Body washing or cleaning implements, such as synthetic sponges, loofahs, and washcloths, can be sources of synthetic chemical contamination due to the materials used in their production.	Personal care & cosmetics	PubChem
CEDs000613	Depilatories?Depilatories are products designed to remove unwanted hair through the application of synthetic chemicals that break down the protein structure of hair, facilitating its removal.	Personal care & cosmetics	PubChem
CEDs000614	Essential Oils Or Perfumes?Essential oils and perfumes are complex mixtures of volatile compounds derived from natural or synthetic sources, commonly used for their aromatic properties.	Personal care & cosmetics	PubChem
CEDs000615	Eye Makeup Products?Eye makeup products, including mascaras, eyeliners, and eyeshadows, often contain a variety of synthetic chemicals such as pigments, preservatives, and film-forming agents.	Personal care & cosmetics	PubChem
CEDs000617	Lip Care Products?Lip care products, including lipsticks, balms, and glosses, often contain a variety of synthetic chemicals such as parabens, phthalates, and synthetic fragrances.	Personal care & cosmetics	PubChem
CEDs000618	Lip Makeup Products?Lip makeup products, such as lipsticks, lip glosses, and lip liners, often contain a variety of synthetic chemicals, including pigments, preservatives, and emollients.	Personal care & cosmetics	PubChem
CEDs000624	Merry Go Rounds?Merry-go-rounds, commonly found in playgrounds and recreational areas, can be a source of synthetic chemical contamination primarily due to the materials used in their construction.	Recreation & sports surfaces	PubChem
CEDs000630	Toys?Toys, particularly those made from synthetic materials such as plastics, can be a source of chemical contamination due to the presence of various additives and compounds used in their production.	Recreation & sports surfaces	PubChem
CEDs000632	Apparel?Apparel production often involves the use of various synthetic chemicals, including dyes, finishing agents, and preservatives.	Textiles, leather & furnishings	PubChem
CEDs000638	Decorating Textiles?Decorating textiles often involves the use of synthetic chemicals such as dyes, finishes, and coatings.	Textiles, leather & furnishings	PubChem
CEDs000640	Embroidering And Tufting?Embroidering and tufting processes often involve the use of synthetic chemicals such as dyes, adhesives, and finishing agents.	Textiles, leather & furnishings	PubChem
CEDs000642	Footwear?Footwear production often involves the use of various synthetic chemicals, such as adhesives, dyes, and treatments, which can contribute to environmental contamination.	Textiles, leather & furnishings	PubChem
CEDs000645	Inorganic Fibres?Inorganic fibres, such as asbestos, glass wool, and ceramic fibres, are used in various applications due to their thermal resistance, strength, and durability.	Textiles, leather & furnishings	PubChem
CEDs000647	Multicolour Dyeing?Multicolour dyeing involves the application of multiple synthetic dyes to textiles and other materials to achieve vibrant, diverse color patterns.	Textiles, leather & furnishings	PubChem
CEDs000650	Purses Luggage Hand Bags?Purses, luggage, and handbags are often manufactured using synthetic materials such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyurethane, and various types of nylon.	Textiles, leather & furnishings	PubChem
CEDs000652	Ropes?Ropes manufactured from synthetic fibers, such as polypropylene, nylon, and polyester, are widely used in various applications, including marine, construction, and outdoor activities.	Textiles, leather & furnishings	PubChem
CEDs000653	Sewing?Sewing processes often involve the use of various synthetic chemicals, which can become sources of contamination in the environment.	Textiles, leather & furnishings	PubChem
CEDs000655	Slide Fasteners?Slide fasteners, commonly known as zippers, are mechanical devices used to join two edges of fabric or other materials.	Textiles, leather & furnishings	PubChem
CEDs000657	Surface Finishing Of Leather?Surface finishing of leather often involves the use of various synthetic chemicals, including dyes, resins, and finishing agents.	Textiles, leather & furnishings	PubChem
CEDs000658	Touch Fasteners?Touch fasteners, commonly known as hook-and-loop fasteners, are composed of synthetic materials such as nylon or polyester.	Textiles, leather & furnishings	PubChem
CEDs000659	Transfer Printing?Transfer printing is a process used to apply designs and patterns onto various substrates, commonly utilizing synthetic dyes and inks that can contain hazardous chemicals.	Textiles, leather & furnishings	PubChem
CEDs000661	Umbrellas?Umbrellas are commonly manufactured using synthetic materials such as polyester, nylon, and polyvinyl chloride (PVC), which can contribute to synthetic chemical contamination.	Textiles, leather & furnishings	PubChem
CEDs000662	Yarns Or Threads?Yarns or threads used in textiles can be a source of synthetic chemical contamination due to the production processes and treatments they undergo.	Textiles, leather & furnishings	PubChem
CEDs000664	Fire Fighting Gels?Fire fighting gels are synthetic chemical formulations designed to enhance fire suppression effectiveness by creating a protective barrier against heat and flames.	Fire suppression systems & agents	PubChem
CEDs000665	Fire Extinguishers?Fire extinguishers contain various synthetic chemicals designed to suppress flames and prevent the spread of fire.	Fire suppression systems & agents	PubChem
CEDs000670	Solid Fire Fighting Substances?Solid fire fighting substances, such as certain types of dry chemical powders, are used in fire suppression applications to extinguish flames and prevent fire spread.	Fire suppression systems & agents	PubChem
CEDs000671	Airplanes And Helicopters?Airplanes and helicopters are significant sources of synthetic chemical contamination primarily through the use of aviation fuels, lubricants, and de-icing agents.	Aviation & Aerospace	PubChem
CEDs000673	Unmanned Aerial Vehicles?Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), commonly known as drones, utilize various synthetic chemicals in their manufacturing, operation, and maintenance processes.	Aviation & Aerospace	PubChem
CEDs000678	Nitrogenous Fertilisers?Nitrogenous fertilizers are synthetic chemical compounds primarily used to enhance plant growth by supplying essential nitrogen, a crucial nutrient for photosynthesis and protein synthesis.	Agriculture & land management	PubChem
CEDs000679	Phosphatic Fertilisers?Phosphatic fertilizers are synthetic chemical products primarily composed of phosphorus, which is essential for plant growth.	Agriculture & land management	PubChem
CEDs000684	Cements?Cements are a composite material primarily used as a binding agent in construction applications, formed by the calcination of limestone and clay minerals at high temperatures.	Building & Construction	PubChem
CEDs000685	Ceramics?Ceramics can be a source of synthetic chemical contamination through various additives and processing agents used in their production.	Building & Construction	PubChem
CEDs000686	Clay Wares?Clay wares are ceramic products made from natural clay, often utilized in various construction applications such as tiles, bricks, and sanitary ware.	Building & Construction	PubChem
CEDs000688	Glass Coatings?Glass coatings are synthetic chemical formulations applied to glass surfaces to enhance properties such as durability, UV resistance, and aesthetic appeal.	Building & Construction	PubChem
CEDs000692	Silica Free Oxide Glass?Silica Free Oxide Glass is a type of glass that is produced using alternative materials to traditional silica-based formulations.	Building & Construction	PubChem
CEDs000693	Silica Glass?Silica glass, primarily composed of silicon dioxide (SiO2), is widely used in various applications, including windows, glass facades, and insulation materials.	Building & Construction	PubChem
CEDs000696	Nanotechnology?Nanotechnology involves the manipulation of materials at the molecular or atomic level, typically within the range of 1 to 100 nanometers.	Industrial manufacturing & chemical processing	PubChem
CEDs000697	Submarines?Submarines, while essential for military and research purposes, can be a source of synthetic chemical contamination due to their use of various industrial chemicals.	Marine, shipping & aquaculture	PubChem
CEDs000698	Jewellery?Jewellery production often involves the use of various synthetic chemicals during the extraction and processing of metals.	Mining & metal processing	PubChem
CEDs000703	Blackboards?Blackboards, traditionally made from slate or coated wood, can also be produced using synthetic materials that may contain various chemicals.	Paper, pulp & fiber products	PubChem
CEDs000705	Bookbinding?Bookbinding involves the use of various synthetic chemicals, including adhesives, inks, and coatings, which can contribute to environmental contamination.	Paper, pulp & fiber products	PubChem
CEDs000707	Books?Books can be a source of synthetic chemical contamination due to the use of various chemicals in their production and preservation processes.	Paper, pulp & fiber products	PubChem
CEDs000712	Combination Pens?Combination pens, which typically contain both ink and additional functionalities such as highlighters or stylus tips, may contribute to synthetic chemical contamination primarily through their ink formulations and plastic components.	Paper, pulp & fiber products	PubChem
CEDs000716	Erasers?Erasers, commonly used in writing and drawing applications, are often made from synthetic rubber or thermoplastic materials, which can contain various additives such as plasticizers, fillers, and colorants.	Paper, pulp & fiber products	PubChem
CEDs000717	Fountain Pens?Fountain pens utilize a liquid ink that often contains synthetic chemicals, including dyes, pigments, and solvents, which can contribute to environmental contamination.	Paper, pulp & fiber products	PubChem
CEDs000719	Ink Reservoir Pens?Ink reservoir pens are writing instruments that contain a reservoir filled with ink, often made from synthetic dyes and solvents.	Paper, pulp & fiber products	PubChem
CEDs000720	Ink Reservoir Pens2?Ink reservoir pens are writing instruments that utilize a reservoir to store ink, which is often composed of synthetic dyes, solvents, and additives.	Paper, pulp & fiber products	PubChem
CEDs000726	Pens?Pens, commonly utilized for writing and marking, can be a source of synthetic chemical contamination primarily due to the materials used in their manufacturing.	Paper, pulp & fiber products	PubChem
CEDs000727	Printing Machines Or Presses?Printing machines or presses commonly utilize synthetic chemicals such as inks, solvents, and cleaning agents.	Paper, pulp & fiber products	PubChem
CEDs000734	Coating Compositions?Coating compositions, which include paints, sealants, and varnishes, are formulated with a variety of synthetic chemicals such as solvents, resins, pigments, and additives.	Building & Construction	PubChem
CEDs000735	Explosives?Explosives are chemical compounds or mixtures designed to undergo rapid decomposition, releasing energy in the form of gas and heat.	Defense & military infrastructure	PubChem
CEDs000738	Cooling Circuit Water?Cooling circuit water is utilized in various industrial processes to absorb and dissipate heat generated during operations.	Industrial manufacturing & chemical processing	PubChem
CEDs000739	Inks?Inks are complex mixtures composed of pigments or dyes, solvents, resins, and additives used primarily for printing and writing applications.	Paper, pulp & fiber products	PubChem
CEDs000740	Paper?Paper production involves the processing of wood fibers and the use of various chemicals, which can lead to synthetic chemical contamination.	Paper, pulp & fiber products	PubChem
CEDs000741	Pigment Pastes?Pigment pastes are concentrated dispersions of pigments used to impart color and properties to materials.	Paper, pulp & fiber products	PubChem
CEDs000742	Leather Tanning?Leather tanning is a process that transforms raw animal hides into durable leather through the application of various chemicals, including chromium salts, aldehydes, and vegetable tannins.	Textiles, leather & furnishings	PubChem
CEDs000743	Sludge Treatment?Sludge treatment involves the processing of waste materials generated from wastewater treatment plants, which often contain a variety of organic and inorganic substances.	Wastewater, sanitation & biosolids	PubChem
CEDs000744	Water, Wastewater, & Sewage Treatment?Water, wastewater, and sewage treatment processes are critical for managing and mitigating pollutants in water systems.	Wastewater, sanitation & biosolids	PubChem
CEDs02589	Air	Air, dust & atmospheric transport	PMC6124006

Pathways

1 pathwayPathway Source: PathBank

Base excision repair

Targets

Structure	Protein	UniProt ID	Organism	Relationship	Details
Click to view 3D structure	Carbonic anhydrase 2	P00918	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	Prediction Confidence Score 0.083 Applicability Domain 0.2 Low confidence Statistical Significance 1.0 Supporting Reference Compounds 472 E-value 7784.61
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter	P23975	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	Prediction Confidence Score 0.083 Applicability Domain 0.2 Low confidence Statistical Significance 0.9999 Supporting Reference Compounds 451 E-value 7784.38
Click to view 3D structure	Tyrosine-protein kinase Fyn	P06241	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	Prediction Confidence Score 0.075 Applicability Domain 0.2 Low confidence Statistical Significance 1.0 Supporting Reference Compounds 707 E-value 7784.61
Click to view 3D structure	Epidermal growth factor receptor	P00533	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	Prediction Confidence Score 0.073 Applicability Domain 0.2 Low confidence Statistical Significance 1.0 Supporting Reference Compounds 1301 E-value 7784.69
Click to view 3D structure	Interleukin-18	Q14116	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	Prediction Confidence Score 0.067 Applicability Domain 0.067 Low confidence Statistical Significance 0.8063 Supporting Reference Compounds 1 E-value 6277.29
Click to view 3D structure	Androgen receptor	P15207	Rattus norvegicus	Predicted (SEA)	Prediction Confidence Score 0.06 Applicability Domain 0.2 Low confidence Statistical Significance 0.9999 Supporting Reference Compounds 73 E-value 7784.14
Click to view 3D structure	D(3) dopamine receptor	P35462	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	Prediction Confidence Score 0.057 Applicability Domain 0.071 Low confidence Statistical Significance 1.0 Supporting Reference Compounds 861 E-value 7784.69
Click to view 3D structure	Aromatase	P11511	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	Prediction Confidence Score 0.054 Applicability Domain 0.065 Low confidence Statistical Significance 1.0 Supporting Reference Compounds 127 E-value 7784.69
Click to view 3D structure	Histamine H3 receptor	Q9Y5N1	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	Prediction Confidence Score 0.054 Applicability Domain 0.059 Low confidence Statistical Significance 1.0 Supporting Reference Compounds 294 E-value 7784.61
Click to view 3D structure	Cytochrome P450 11B1, mitochondrial	P15538	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	Prediction Confidence Score 0.053 Applicability Domain 0.065 Low confidence Statistical Significance 0.9999 Supporting Reference Compounds 66 E-value 7783.91
Click to view 3D structure	Cytochrome P450 11B2, mitochondrial	P19099	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	Prediction Confidence Score 0.053 Applicability Domain 0.065 Low confidence Statistical Significance 0.9998 Supporting Reference Compounds 62 E-value 7783.75
Click to view 3D structure	D(2) dopamine receptor	P14416	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	Prediction Confidence Score 0.053 Applicability Domain 0.059 Low confidence Statistical Significance 1.0 Supporting Reference Compounds 1103 E-value 7784.69
Click to view 3D structure	Histamine H1 receptor	P35367	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	Prediction Confidence Score 0.052 Applicability Domain 0.059 Low confidence Statistical Significance 1.0 Supporting Reference Compounds 507 E-value 7784.69
Click to view 3D structure	Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1	Q99720	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	Prediction Confidence Score 0.052 Applicability Domain 0.059 Low confidence Statistical Significance 1.0 Supporting Reference Compounds 562 E-value 7784.69
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter	P31645	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	Prediction Confidence Score 0.052 Applicability Domain 0.059 Low confidence Statistical Significance 1.0 Supporting Reference Compounds 593 E-value 7784.69
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium-dependent dopamine transporter	Q01959	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	Prediction Confidence Score 0.052 Applicability Domain 0.059 Low confidence Statistical Significance 1.0 Supporting Reference Compounds 506 E-value 7784.61
Click to view 3D structure	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A	P08908	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	Prediction Confidence Score 0.052 Applicability Domain 0.059 Low confidence Statistical Significance 1.0 Supporting Reference Compounds 953 E-value 7784.69
Click to view 3D structure	Carbonic anhydrase 12	O43570	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	Prediction Confidence Score 0.052 Applicability Domain 0.111 Low confidence Statistical Significance 1.0 Supporting Reference Compounds 332 E-value 7784.69
Click to view 3D structure	D(4) dopamine receptor	P21917	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	Prediction Confidence Score 0.051 Applicability Domain 0.059 Low confidence Statistical Significance 1.0 Supporting Reference Compounds 524 E-value 7784.61
Click to view 3D structure	Histamine H3 receptor	Q9QYN8	Rattus norvegicus	Predicted (SEA)	Prediction Confidence Score 0.051 Applicability Domain 0.057 Low confidence Statistical Significance 1.0 Supporting Reference Compounds 80 E-value 7784.61
Click to view 3D structure	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 6	P50406	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	Prediction Confidence Score 0.05 Applicability Domain 0.059 Low confidence Statistical Significance 1.0 Supporting Reference Compounds 536 E-value 7784.69
Click to view 3D structure	Protein Gpr39	A6QR73	Rattus norvegicus	Predicted (SEA)	Prediction Confidence Score 0.05 Applicability Domain 0.2 Low confidence Statistical Significance 0.9784 Supporting Reference Compounds 4 E-value 7616.92
Click to view 3D structure	Carbonic anhydrase 1	P00915	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	Prediction Confidence Score 0.05 Applicability Domain 0.111 Low confidence Statistical Significance 1.0 Supporting Reference Compounds 407 E-value 7784.92
Click to view 3D structure	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A	P28223	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	Prediction Confidence Score 0.05 Applicability Domain 0.059 Low confidence Statistical Significance 1.0 Supporting Reference Compounds 955 E-value 7784.69
Click to view 3D structure	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C	P28335	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	Prediction Confidence Score 0.05 Applicability Domain 0.059 Low confidence Statistical Significance 1.0 Supporting Reference Compounds 823 E-value 7784.69
Click to view 3D structure	Histone deacetylase 1	Q13547	Humans	Known	Chromium can cause transcriptional repression by cross-linking histone deacetylase 1-DNA methyltransferase 1 complexes to CYP1A1 promoter chromatin, inhibiting histone modification. (A35)
Click to view 3D structure	Mitogen-activated protein kinase 1	P28482	Humans	Known	Chromium has been shown to induce carcinogenesis by overstimulating cellular regulatory pathways and increasing peroxide levels by activating certain mitogen-activated protein kinases. (A34)
Click to view 3D structure	Mitogen-activated protein kinase 3	P27361	Humans	Known	Chromium has been shown to induce carcinogenesis by overstimulating cellular regulatory pathways and increasing peroxide levels by activating certain mitogen-activated protein kinases. (A34)
Click to view 3D structure	Superoxide dismutase [Cu-Zn]	P00441	Humans	Known	Unbalanced levels of copper and zinc binding to Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase has been linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). (A49)

Concentrations

Not Available

External Links

Identifiers

Not Available

References

Synthesis Reference

Not Available

MSDS

Not Available

General References

Salnikow K, Zhitkovich A: Genetic and epigenetic mechanisms in metal carcinogenesis and cocarcinogenesis: nickel, arsenic, and chromium. Chem Res Toxicol. 2008 Jan;21(1):28-44. Epub 2007 Oct 30. [PubMed: 17970581]
Kim G, Yurkow EJ: Chromium induces a persistent activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases by a redox-sensitive mechanism in H4 rat hepatoma cells. Cancer Res. 1996 May 1;56(9):2045-51. [PubMed: 8616849]
Schnekenburger M, Talaska G, Puga A: Chromium cross-links histone deacetylase 1-DNA methyltransferase 1 complexes to chromatin, inhibiting histone-remodeling marks critical for transcriptional activation. Mol Cell Biol. 2007 Oct;27(20):7089-101. Epub 2007 Aug 6. [PubMed: 17682057]
Kimura T: [Molecular mechanism involved in chromium(VI) toxicity]. Yakugaku Zasshi. 2007 Dec;127(12):1957-65. [PubMed: 18057785]
Vonk WI, Klomp LW: Role of transition metals in the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Biochem Soc Trans. 2008 Dec;36(Pt 6):1322-8. doi: 10.1042/BST0361322. [PubMed: 19021549]
Barceloux DG: Chromium. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 1999;37(2):173-94. [PubMed: 10382554]
ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2008). Toxicological profile for chromium. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). - http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp7.html
Wikipedia. Zinc. Last Updated 24 March 2009. - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc
ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for zinc. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). - http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp60.html
Wikipedia. Zinc chromate. Last Updated 16 March 2009. - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc_chromate
Wikipedia. Metallothionein. Last Updated 20 December 2008. - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallothionein
ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2001). Minimal Risk Levels (MRLs) for Hazardous Substances. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). - http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/mrls/
International Agency for Research on Cancer (2014). IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. - http://monographs.iarc.fr/index.php

Zinc chromate (CED0015197)

Structure for CHEM000640: Zinc chromate

Structure