Copper(II) carbonate (CED0000794)

Copper(II) carbonate is a solid compound with the formula CCuO3 and an average molecular weight of 123.56 g/mol. Copper(II) carbonate belongs to the organic carbonic acids, a subclass of organic carbonic acids and derivatives within the organic compounds. This exogenous substance is used as a pigment, in some types of make-up, as an algaecide, and for bronze plating. It is found in or released from 24 recorded sources, including building and construction materials such as ceilings and fencing; food, food processing and cookware, specifically fermentation processes for beer; household cleaning and consumer products, including bleaching agents, soap detergents, perfumes within detergents and soaps, cigar cigarettes, and non electric simulated smoking devices; and electrical and electronic equipment, including antennas, coils, communication cables or conductors, auxiliary devices, and adjustable resistors. The compound interacts with six recorded protein targets. Copper binds to alpha-synuclein (SNCA), initiating protein aggregation and likely contributing to the development of Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. It also binds the N-terminal region of amyloid precursor protein (APP), promoting the generation of β-amyloid, which is believed to contribute to the development of Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. Additionally, copper inhibits sulfhydryl group enzymes that protect the cell from free oxygen, including glutathione reductase, mitochondrial (GSR), glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase (G6PD), serum paraoxonase/lactonase 3 (PON3), and serum paraoxonase/arylesterase 1 (PON1). Copper hepatotoxicity is believed to occur when hepatocyte lysosomes become saturated and copper accumulates in the nucleus, causing nuclear damage possibly resulting from oxidative damage, including lipid peroxidation.