Clotrimazole (CED0003239)

Clotrimazole belongs to the triphenyl compounds, a class of benzenoids within the organic compounds. This exogenous compound has the formula C22H17ClN2 and an average molecular weight of 344.84 g/mol. At room temperature, it exists as a solid. It functions as an antiinfective agent, fungicide (PMC10416055, PMC3133525), antifungal agent (PMC4464443), and biological inhibitor (PMC10416055, PMC3133525), and it is used industrially as a biocide and anti-dandruff agent (PMC10416055, PMC3133525). The compound has been detected in skin tissue. It interacts with yeast 14-α demethylase, a cytochrome P-450 enzyme that converts lanosterol to ergosterol, an essential membrane component. This interaction inhibits ergosterol synthesis, leading to increased cellular permeability. Additionally, clotrimazole may impair triglyceride and/or phospholipid biosynthesis, inhibit the uptake of purine, inhibit the transformation of yeasts to mycelial forms, interact with membrane phospholipids, and inhibit endogenous respiration. Among its protein targets, it acts as an antagonist to the intermediate conductance calcium-activated potassium channel protein 4 (KCNN4) and serves as an inhibitor, modulator, or partial agonist of the Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), Estrogen receptor (ESR1), Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF1A), and Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 2 (NR1I2), among 17 other proteins. Clotrimazole is found in 24 recorded sources, including healthcare, pharmaceuticals, and veterinary products such as antibiotics, gynecologicals, stomatological preparations, and antifungals for dermatological use. Other sources include food processing, drinking water, building and construction floors, household cleaning and consumer products, and electrical and electronic equipment. Recorded exposure routes include vaginal, topical, oral, inhalation, and extracorporeal.