Zolpidem (CED0002968)

Zolpidem is an exogenous organic compound with the formula C19H21N3O and an average molecular weight of 307.39 g/mol. It exists as a solid at room temperature. Zolpidem belongs to the imidazoles, a subclass of azoles within the organic compounds. Used as a sedative and central nervous system depressant, zolpidem functions biologically as a GABA agonist. It interacts with nine recorded protein targets, including the translocator protein (TSPO) and several subunits of the gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor, such as GABRB3 and GABRA2, GABRA3, and GABRA4. Specifically, zolpidem modulates the alpha-subunit within the GABAA receptor chloride channel macromolecular complex; unlike benzodiazepines that interact non-selectively with all three alpha-receptor subtypes, zolpidem preferentially binds to the alpha-1 receptor (GABRA1). The compound is found in healthcare, pharmaceuticals, and veterinary products as a hypnotic and sedative. It has been detected in the liver and is associated with oral and sublingual exposure routes. Additionally, zolpidem has been recorded in 20 sources, including drinking water, floors, various household cleaning and consumer products—such as perfumes within detergents and soaps, cigar cigarettes, and pipe accessories—as well as food preservation and the treatment of hops. It is also found in electrical and electronic equipment, including electrodes, fixed capacitors, electric switches, and electrically stimulated smoking devices.