Pentazocine (CED0004344)

Record Information
Version1.0
Creation Date2009-07-21 20:27:20 UTC
Update Date2026-05-14 16:45:07 UTC
SynCED IDCED0004344
Secondary Accession Numbers
  • CHEM002239
  • T3D2850
Identification
Common NamePentazocine
ClassSmall Molecule
Description
Pentazocine is an exogenous solid with the formula C19H27NO and an average molecular weight of 285.42 g/mol. Pentazocine belongs to the 2,6-dimethyl-3-benzazocines, a subclass of 6,7-benzomorphans within the organic compounds. This compound is recorded as being found in or released from five sources: analgesics within healthcare, pharmaceuticals, and veterinary products; non-electric simulated smoking devices and other smoking requisites within household cleaning and consumer products; and antennas and radio transmission systems within electrical and electronic equipment. Recorded exposure routes include intramuscular, intravenous, oral, and subcutaneous administration. The compound interacts with four recorded protein targets: the mu-type opioid receptor (OPRM1), kappa-type opioid receptor (OPRK1), sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1 (SIGMAR1), and delta-type opioid receptor (OPRD1). The preponderance of evidence suggests that pentazocine antagonizes the opioid effects by competing for the same receptor sites, especially the opioid mu receptor.
Contaminant Type
  • Adjuvant, Anesthesia
  • Amine
  • Analgesic, Opioid
  • Drug
  • Metabolite
  • Narcotic
  • Narcotic Antagonist
  • Organic Compound
  • Synthetic Compound
Chemical Structure
Synonyms
ValueSource
FortralKegg
L-PentazocineHMDB
PentazocaineHMDB
PentazocinHMDB
TalwinHMDB
LexirHMDB
Pentazocine lactateHMDB
Hydrochloride, pentazocineHMDB
Pentazocine hydrochlorideHMDB
Lactate, pentazocineHMDB
Chemical FormulaC19H27NO
Average Molecular Mass285.424 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass285.209 g/mol
CAS Registry Number359-83-1
IUPAC Name(1R,9R,13R)-1,13-dimethyl-10-(3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl)-10-azatricyclo[7.3.1.0²,⁷]trideca-2,4,6-trien-4-ol
Traditional Namepentazocine
SMILESC[C@H]1[C@H]2CC3=CC=C(O)C=C3[C@]1(C)CCN2CC=C(C)C
InChI IdentifierInChI=1S/C19H27NO/c1-13(2)7-9-20-10-8-19(4)14(3)18(20)11-15-5-6-16(21)12-17(15)19/h5-7,12,14,18,21H,8-11H2,1-4H3/t14-,18+,19+/m0/s1
InChI KeyVOKSWYLNZZRQPF-GDIGMMSISA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 2,6-dimethyl-3-benzazocines. These are aromatic compounds containing a 6,7-benzomorphan skeleton, which is substituted by methyl group at the 2- and 6-positions.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassAlkaloids and derivatives
Class6,7-benzomorphans
Sub Class2,6-dimethyl-3-benzazocines
Direct Parent2,6-dimethyl-3-benzazocines
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • 2,6-dimethyl-3-benzazocine
  • 4-hydroxy-6,7-benzomorphan
  • Benzazocine
  • Tetralin
  • 1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoid
  • Aralkylamine
  • Piperidine
  • Benzenoid
  • Tertiary amine
  • Tertiary aliphatic amine
  • Organoheterocyclic compound
  • Azacycle
  • Organopnictogen compound
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Amine
  • Organic nitrogen compound
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Organonitrogen compound
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAromatic heteropolycyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Biological Properties
StatusDetected and Not Quantified
OriginExogenous
Cellular Locations
  • Membrane
Biofluid LocationsNot Available
Tissue LocationsNot Available
ApplicationsNot Available
Biological Roles
Chemical RolesNot Available
Organoleptic EffectsNot Available
Physical Properties
StateSolid
AppearanceWhite powder.
Experimental Properties
PropertyValue
Melting Point146.3°C
Boiling PointNot Available
Solubility1.22e-01 g/L
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility0.12 g/LALOGPS
logP4.44ALOGPS
logP3.89ChemAxon
logS-3.4ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)7.59ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)12.4ChemAxon
Physiological Charge1ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count2ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count1ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area23.47 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count2ChemAxon
Refractivity89.8 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability33.86 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings3ChemAxon
BioavailabilityYesChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterYesChemAxon
Veber's RuleYesChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemAxon
Spectra
Spectra
Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateView
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrumsplash10-00xr-4490000000-a55a414896d563e7aa3dNot AvailableView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrumsplash10-0006-6079000000-3fb9a9a9c86659fbbee2Not AvailableView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS SpectrumNot AvailableNot AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-014r-0390000000-31bc6b49bbe03cc8b27bNot AvailableView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-000i-1090000000-8390171314730328d23aNot AvailableView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-014r-5190000000-093358a58c8c1faab502Not AvailableView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-014i-9220000000-2690544e141eb42e324bNot AvailableView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-001i-0090000000-65f24c15362c36e119a9Not AvailableView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-00lr-1090000000-5cba8a2f286ab0e94fc0Not AvailableView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-0gb9-3290000000-8498666fd4d422f5b9f1Not AvailableView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-000i-0090000000-6c52ebfcebbeb27c1aa2Not AvailableView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-00kr-0090000000-040bd3fa35cc831fbfacNot AvailableView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-0006-9100000000-000bbfae8da629b629a5Not AvailableView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-001i-0090000000-c2113612e96dcf956da5Not AvailableView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-001i-1090000000-c793d7bec665f34e1f13Not AvailableView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-0udi-0190000000-a21f5a18b58d692cf8c0Not AvailableView Spectrum
Toxicity Profile
Toxicity Values
Toxicity ValueOrganismDose DescriptorRoute of ExposurePredicted or ExperimentalToxicity RatingReference
1816.0 Log mg/kg [1000:3200]RatLD50oralpredictedNot AvailableNot Available
Toxicity / Toxin ClassNot Available
Mechanism of ToxicityThe preponderance of evidence suggests that pentazocine antagonizes the opioid effects by competing for the same receptor sites, especially the opioid mu receptor.
Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification)No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).
Minimum Risk LevelNot Available
Symptomshallucinations and other psychotomimetic effects; cardiovascular effects
TreatmentAdequate measures to maintain ventilation and general circulatory support should be employed. Assisted or controlled ventilation, intravenous fluids, vasopressors, and other supportive measures should be employed as indicated. Consideration should be given to gastric lavage and gastric aspiration. For respiratory depression due to overdosage or unusual sensitivity to pentazocine, parenteral naloxone is a specific and effective antagonist. Initial doses of 0.4 to 2.0 mg of naloxone are recommended, repeated at 2-3 minute intervals, if needed, up to a total of 10 mg. Anti
Health Effects
Health EffectRelationshipDirectionDescriptionReference
Exposure Sources
Source IDSourceSectorReference
CEDs000010Insecticides?Insecticides are synthetic chemicals designed to control or eliminate insect pests that threaten crops and other agricultural products.Agriculture & land managementPubChem
CEDs000370Analgesics?Analgesics are a class of synthetic chemicals designed to alleviate pain.Healthcare, pharmaceuticals & veterinary productsNot Available
CEDs000506Antennas?Antennas, commonly used in communication technologies, can be a source of synthetic chemical contamination through the materials and coatings used in their construction.Electrical & Electronic EquipmentPubChem
CEDs000511Conductors Or Conductive Bodies Characterised By The Conductive Materials?Conductors, or conductive bodies, are materials that allow the flow of electrical current, typically made from metals such as copper, aluminum, or silver.Electrical & Electronic EquipmentPubChem
CEDs000517Electric Switches?Electric switches, integral components in numerous devices, can be a source of synthetic chemical contamination due to the materials and manufacturing processes involved in their production.Electrical & Electronic EquipmentPubChem
CEDs000518Electrically Stimulated Smoking Devices?Electrically stimulated smoking devices, commonly known as e-cigarettes or vape pens, utilize electrical components to heat a liquid solution, often containing nicotine, flavorings, and other additives, to produce an aerosol for inhalation.Electrical & Electronic EquipmentPubChem
CEDs000519Electrodes?Electrodes, used in various electrical and electronic applications, can be a source of synthetic chemical contamination due to the materials from which they are constructed and the processes involved in their manufacturing.Electrical & Electronic EquipmentPubChem
CEDs000524Hybrid Capacitors?Hybrid capacitors are energy storage devices that combine the properties of electrolytic and supercapacitors, utilizing a combination of electrochemical principles to achieve higher energy density and power density.Electrical & Electronic EquipmentPubChem
CEDs000530Radio Transmission Systems?Radio transmission systems utilize a variety of synthetic chemicals in their manufacturing and maintenance processes.Electrical & Electronic EquipmentPubChem
CEDs000545Food Preservation?Food preservation often involves the use of synthetic chemicals, such as preservatives, flavor enhancers, and color additives, to extend shelf life and enhance the sensory qualities of food products.Food, food processing & cookwarePubChem
CEDs000556Cigar Cigarettes?Cigar cigarettes are a source of synthetic chemical contamination due to the combustion of various tobacco blends and additives.Household cleaning & consumer productsPubChem
CEDs000559Non Electric Simulated Smoking Devices?Non-electric simulated smoking devices, often designed to mimic the experience of smoking without combustion, can be sources of synthetic chemical contamination due to the materials and chemicals used in their construction and operation.Household cleaning & consumer productsPubChem
CEDs000560Other Smoking Requisites?Other smoking requisites, including items such as lighters, matches, and rolling papers, can introduce synthetic chemical contamination through various components and additives.Household cleaning & consumer productsPubChem
CEDs000561Perfumes Within Detergents And Soaps?Perfumes within detergents and soaps are synthetic fragrance compounds added to enhance the sensory experience of cleaning products.Household cleaning & consumer productsPubChem
CEDs000569Tobacco Smoke Filters?Tobacco smoke filters are designed to reduce the inhalation of harmful substances in cigarette smoke, including tar and other particulate matter.Household cleaning & consumer productsPubChem
CEDs000580Manufacture Preparation Of Tobacco Products?The manufacture and preparation of tobacco products involve various processes that can result in the introduction of synthetic chemicals into the environment.Industrial manufacturing & chemical processingPubChem
CEDs000596Acaricides?Acaricides are synthetic chemicals specifically designed to target and control mite populations that can damage crops and plants.Agriculture & land managementPubChem
CEDs000605Pest Repellants?Pest repellents, often formulated from synthetic chemicals, are widely used to protect crops from insect infestations and other pests.Agriculture & land managementPubChem
CEDs000609Aftershave?Aftershave is a grooming product typically used to soothe and protect the skin following shaving.Personal care & cosmeticsPubChem
CEDs000610Aftersun Products?Aftersun products are designed to soothe and hydrate the skin after sun exposure, often containing various synthetic chemicals such as emollients, preservatives, and fragrances.Personal care & cosmeticsPubChem
CEDs000611Anti Perspirants Or Body Deoderants?Antiperspirants and body deodorants commonly contain synthetic chemicals such as aluminum compounds, parabens, and synthetic fragrances.Personal care & cosmeticsPubChem
CEDs000613Depilatories?Depilatories are products designed to remove unwanted hair through the application of synthetic chemicals that break down the protein structure of hair, facilitating its removal.Personal care & cosmeticsPubChem
CEDs000614Essential Oils Or Perfumes?Essential oils and perfumes are complex mixtures of volatile compounds derived from natural or synthetic sources, commonly used for their aromatic properties.Personal care & cosmeticsPubChem
CEDs000615Eye Makeup Products?Eye makeup products, including mascaras, eyeliners, and eyeshadows, often contain a variety of synthetic chemicals such as pigments, preservatives, and film-forming agents.Personal care & cosmeticsPubChem
CEDs000616Face Mask Cosmetics?Face mask cosmetics often contain a variety of synthetic chemicals, including preservatives, emulsifiers, and fragrances, which can contribute to chemical contamination.Personal care & cosmeticsPubChem
CEDs000618Lip Makeup Products?Lip makeup products, such as lipsticks, lip glosses, and lip liners, often contain a variety of synthetic chemicals, including pigments, preservatives, and emollients.Personal care & cosmeticsPubChem
CEDs000632Apparel?Apparel production often involves the use of various synthetic chemicals, including dyes, finishing agents, and preservatives.Textiles, leather & furnishingsPubChem
CEDs000642Footwear?Footwear production often involves the use of various synthetic chemicals, such as adhesives, dyes, and treatments, which can contribute to environmental contamination.Textiles, leather & furnishingsPubChem
CEDs000650Purses Luggage Hand Bags?Purses, luggage, and handbags are often manufactured using synthetic materials such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyurethane, and various types of nylon.Textiles, leather & furnishingsPubChem
CEDs000651Purses Money Bags Wallets?Purses, money bags, and wallets are often manufactured using synthetic materials, including plastics, polyurethanes, and various treated fabrics.Textiles, leather & furnishingsPubChem
CEDs000671Airplanes And Helicopters?Airplanes and helicopters are significant sources of synthetic chemical contamination primarily through the use of aviation fuels, lubricants, and de-icing agents.Aviation & AerospacePubChem
CEDs000685Ceramics?Ceramics can be a source of synthetic chemical contamination through various additives and processing agents used in their production.Building & ConstructionPubChem
CEDs000696Nanotechnology?Nanotechnology involves the manipulation of materials at the molecular or atomic level, typically within the range of 1 to 100 nanometers.Industrial manufacturing & chemical processingPubChem
CEDs000735Explosives?Explosives are chemical compounds or mixtures designed to undergo rapid decomposition, releasing energy in the form of gas and heat.Defense & military infrastructurePubChem
CEDs000744Water, Wastewater, & Sewage Treatment?Water, wastewater, and sewage treatment processes are critical for managing and mitigating pollutants in water systems.Wastewater, sanitation & biosolidsPubChem
Pathways
3 pathwaysPathway Source: PathBank
Targets
StructureProteinUniProt IDOrganismRelationshipDetails
Mu-type opioid receptor structureClick to view 3D structureMu-type opioid receptorP35372HumansPredicted (SEA)
Prediction Confidence Score
0.955
Applicability Domain
1.0
Statistical Significance
1.00e-05
Supporting Reference Compounds
527
E-value
0.0778492
Click to view 3D structureSigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1Q60492Cavia porcellusPredicted (SEA)
Prediction Confidence Score
0.955
Applicability Domain
1.0
Statistical Significance
1.00e-05
Supporting Reference Compounds
229
E-value
0.0778492
Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1 structureClick to view 3D structureSigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1Q99720HumansPredicted (SEA)
Prediction Confidence Score
0.91
Applicability Domain
1.0
Statistical Significance
1.00e-05
Supporting Reference Compounds
562
E-value
0.0778492
Click to view 3D structureMu-type opioid receptorP33535Rattus norvegicusPredicted (SEA)
Prediction Confidence Score
0.91
Applicability Domain
1.0
Statistical Significance
3.00e-05
Supporting Reference Compounds
229
E-value
0.233548
Kappa-type opioid receptor structureClick to view 3D structureKappa-type opioid receptorP41145HumansPredicted (SEA)
Prediction Confidence Score
0.901
Applicability Domain
1.0
Statistical Significance
1.00e-05
Supporting Reference Compounds
532
E-value
0.0778492
Delta-type opioid receptor structureClick to view 3D structureDelta-type opioid receptorP41143HumansPredicted (SEA)
Prediction Confidence Score
0.901
Applicability Domain
1.0
Statistical Significance
5.00e-05
Supporting Reference Compounds
427
E-value
0.389246
Click to view 3D structureSigma intracellular receptor 2Q5BJF2HumansPredicted (SEA)
Prediction Confidence Score
0.867
Applicability Domain
1.0
Statistical Significance
1.00e-05
Supporting Reference Compounds
308
E-value
0.0778492
Click to view 3D structureKappa-type opioid receptorP41144Cavia porcellusPredicted (SEA)
Prediction Confidence Score
0.802
Applicability Domain
1.0
Statistical Significance
1.20e-04
Supporting Reference Compounds
199
E-value
0.934191
Click to view 3D structureSigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1Q9R0C9Rattus norvegicusPredicted (SEA)
Prediction Confidence Score
0.783
Applicability Domain
1.0
Statistical Significance
2.00e-05
Supporting Reference Compounds
207
E-value
0.155698
Click to view 3D structureD(2) dopamine receptorP61169RatPredicted (SEA)
Prediction Confidence Score
0.759
Applicability Domain
1.0
Statistical Significance
1.60e-04
Supporting Reference Compounds
528
E-value
1.24559
Click to view 3D structureMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2P10980Rattus norvegicusPredicted (SEA)
Prediction Confidence Score
0.756
Applicability Domain
1.0
Statistical Significance
2.00e-05
Supporting Reference Compounds
98
E-value
0.155698
Click to view 3D structureMu-type opioid receptorP97266Cavia porcellusPredicted (SEA)
Prediction Confidence Score
0.723
Applicability Domain
1.0
Statistical Significance
4.40e-04
Supporting Reference Compounds
186
E-value
3.42537
Click to view 3D structureG_PROTEIN_RECEP_F1_2 domain-containing proteinF7HEV7Macaca mulattaPredicted (SEA)
Prediction Confidence Score
0.709
Applicability Domain
0.776
Statistical Significance
5.00e-05
Supporting Reference Compounds
3
E-value
0.389246
Click to view 3D structureKappa-type opioid receptorH9FL65Macaca mulattaPredicted (SEA)
Prediction Confidence Score
0.709
Applicability Domain
0.776
Statistical Significance
5.00e-05
Supporting Reference Compounds
3
E-value
0.389246
Mu-type opioid receptor structureClick to view 3D structureMu-type opioid receptorP42866Mus musculusPredicted (SEA)
Prediction Confidence Score
0.666
Applicability Domain
0.776
Statistical Significance
3.40e-04
Supporting Reference Compounds
107
E-value
2.64687
Click to view 3D structureKappa-type opioid receptorP33534Mus musculusPredicted (SEA)
Prediction Confidence Score
0.608
Applicability Domain
0.776
Statistical Significance
5.70e-04
Supporting Reference Compounds
61
E-value
4.43741
Click to view 3D structureSigma intracellular receptor 2Q5U3Y7Rattus norvegicusPredicted (SEA)
Prediction Confidence Score
0.599
Applicability Domain
1.0
Statistical Significance
1.80e-04
Supporting Reference Compounds
110
E-value
1.40129
Click to view 3D structureZinc finger protein 664Q60493Cavia porcellusPredicted (SEA)
Prediction Confidence Score
0.565
Applicability Domain
1.0
Statistical Significance
1.00e-05
Supporting Reference Compounds
2
E-value
0.0778492
Delta-type opioid receptor structureClick to view 3D structureDelta-type opioid receptorP32300Mus musculusPredicted (SEA)
Prediction Confidence Score
0.564
Applicability Domain
0.776
Statistical Significance
0.0034
Supporting Reference Compounds
166
E-value
26.4687
Click to view 3D structureMu-type opioid receptorQ9MYW9Macaca mulattaPredicted (SEA)
Prediction Confidence Score
0.561
Applicability Domain
0.776
Statistical Significance
4.00e-05
Supporting Reference Compounds
4
E-value
0.311397
Click to view 3D structureDelta-type opioid receptorP33533Rattus norvegicusPredicted (SEA)
Prediction Confidence Score
0.537
Applicability Domain
0.648
Statistical Significance
0.0042
Supporting Reference Compounds
164
E-value
32.9302
Click to view 3D structureG_PROTEIN_RECEP_F1_2 domain-containing proteinA0A286XTF2Cavia porcellusPredicted (SEA)
Prediction Confidence Score
0.434
Applicability Domain
0.686
Statistical Significance
1.60e-04
Supporting Reference Compounds
5
E-value
1.24559
Click to view 3D structureD(1A) dopamine receptorP18901Rattus norvegicusPredicted (SEA)
Prediction Confidence Score
0.384
Applicability Domain
1.0
Statistical Significance
0.0064
Supporting Reference Compounds
206
E-value
49.59
Click to view 3D structureKappa-type opioid receptorP34975Rattus norvegicusPredicted (SEA)
Prediction Confidence Score
0.384
Applicability Domain
0.574
Statistical Significance
0.013
Supporting Reference Compounds
66
E-value
101.593
Click to view 3D structureSigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1O55242Mus musculusPredicted (SEA)
Prediction Confidence Score
0.35
Applicability Domain
0.625
Statistical Significance
2.70e-04
Supporting Reference Compounds
16
E-value
2.10193
Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1 structureClick to view 3D structureSigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1Q99720HumansKnownNot Available
Mu-type opioid receptor structureClick to view 3D structureMu-type opioid receptorP35372HumansKnownThe preponderance of evidence suggests that pentazocine antagonizes the opioid effects by competing for the same receptor sites, especially the opioid mu receptor.
Kappa-type opioid receptor structureClick to view 3D structureKappa-type opioid receptorP41145HumansKnownThe preponderance of evidence suggests that pentazocine antagonizes the opioid effects by competing for the same receptor sites, especially the opioid mu receptor.
Delta-type opioid receptor structureClick to view 3D structureDelta-type opioid receptorP41143HumansKnownNot Available
Concentrations
Not Available
External Links
DrugBank IDDB00652
HMDB IDHMDB0014790
FooDB IDNot Available
Phenol Explorer IDNot Available
KNApSAcK IDNot Available
BiGG IDNot Available
BioCyc IDNot Available
METLIN IDNot Available
PDB IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkPentazocine
Chemspider ID390041
ChEBI ID116117
PubChem Compound ID441278
Kegg Compound IDC07421
YMDB IDNot Available
ECMDB IDNot Available
References
Synthesis ReferenceNot Available
MSDSLink
General References
  1. Harati Y, Gooch C, Swenson M, Edelman SV, Greene D, Raskin P, Donofrio P, Cornblath D, Olson WH, Kamin M: Maintenance of the long-term effectiveness of tramadol in treatment of the pain of diabetic neuropathy. J Diabetes Complications. 2000 Mar-Apr;14(2):65-70. [PubMed: 10959067]
  2. Drugs.com - http://www.drugs.com/cons/Pentazocine.html
  3. AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1991, p97