Levetiracetam (CED0002002)

Record Information

Version

1.0

Creation Date

2009-07-21 20:28:38 UTC

Update Date

2026-05-14 16:58:43 UTC

SynCED ID

CED0002002

Secondary Accession Numbers

CHEM002376
T3D3019

Identification

Common Name

Levetiracetam

Class

Small Molecule

Description

Levetiracetam is an exogenous organic compound with the formula C8H14N2O2 and an average molecular weight of 170.21 g/mol. It exists as a solid at room temperature. Levetiracetam belongs to the amino acids, peptides, and analogues, a subclass of carboxylic acids and derivatives within the organic compounds. This compound is used as an anticonvulsant. It is found in several recorded sources, including antiepileptics within healthcare, pharmaceuticals, and veterinary products, as well as drinking water and water supply. Other recorded sources include electrical and electronic equipment such as relays, magnets, and television systems, and household cleaning and consumer products including other smoking requisites and non-electric simulated smoking devices. Exposure routes include oral and intravenous administration. Levetiracetam interacts with six recorded protein targets: sodium channel protein type 1 subunit alpha (SCN1A), carbonic anhydrase 1 (CA1), voltage-dependent T-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1G (CACNA1G), 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3A (HTR3A), and synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A (SV2A). It also acts as an antagonist of voltage-dependent N-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1B (CACNA1B). Regarding its interaction with SV2A, the precise mechanisms by which levetiracetam exerts its antiepileptic effect remain unknown. In animal models of epileptic seizures, levetiracetam showed only minimal activity in threshold tests and submaximal stimulation, and it did not inhibit single seizures induced by chemoconvulsants or maximal electrical current stimulation. However, protection was observed against secondarily generalized activity from focal seizures.

Contaminant Type

Amide
Amine
Anticonvulsant
Drug
Metabolite
Nootropic Agent
Organic Compound
Synthetic Compound

Chemical Structure

MOL SDF PDB SMILES InChI

Synonyms

Value	Source
Keppra	Kegg
e Keppra	Kegg
Levitiracetam	HMDB
Etiracetam, R-isomer	HMDB
alpha-Ethyl-2-oxo-1-pyrrolidineacetamide	HMDB
Etiracetam, S-isomer	HMDB
Ucb L060	HMDB
Ucb-L060	HMDB
UCB brand OF levetiracetam	HMDB
Etiracetam	HMDB
Ucb L059	HMDB
Ucb-L059	HMDB
Etiracetam, R isomer	HMDB
UcbL060	HMDB
alpha Ethyl 2 oxo 1 pyrrolidineacetamide	HMDB
Etiracetam, S isomer	HMDB
R-Isomer etiracetam	HMDB
S-Isomer etiracetam	HMDB

Chemical Formula

C₈H₁₄N₂O₂

Average Molecular Mass

170.209 g/mol

Monoisotopic Mass

170.106 g/mol

CAS Registry Number

102767-28-2

IUPAC Name

(2R)-2-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)butanamide

Traditional Name

levitiracetam

SMILES

CC[C@@H](N1CCCC1=O)C(N)=O

InChI Identifier

InChI=1S/C8H14N2O2/c1-2-6(8(9)12)10-5-3-4-7(10)11/h6H,2-5H2,1H3,(H2,9,12)/t6-/m1/s1

InChI Key

HPHUVLMMVZITSG-ZCFIWIBFSA-N

Chemical Taxonomy

Description

Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alpha amino acids and derivatives. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon), or a derivative thereof.

Kingdom

Organic compounds

Super Class

Organic acids and derivatives

Class

Carboxylic acids and derivatives

Sub Class

Amino acids, peptides, and analogues

Direct Parent

Alpha amino acids and derivatives

Alternative Parents

Substituents

Alpha-amino acid or derivatives
Fatty amide
Pyrrolidone
2-pyrrolidone
Fatty acyl
N-alkylpyrrolidine
Pyrrolidine
Tertiary carboxylic acid amide
Carboxamide group
Lactam
Primary carboxylic acid amide
Azacycle
Organoheterocyclic compound
Organic oxide
Organopnictogen compound
Carbonyl group
Organooxygen compound
Organonitrogen compound
Organic nitrogen compound
Organic oxygen compound
Hydrocarbon derivative
Aliphatic heteromonocyclic compound

Molecular Framework

Aliphatic heteromonocyclic compounds

External Descriptors

Not Available

Biological Properties

Status

Detected and Not Quantified

Origin

Exogenous

Cellular Locations

Cytoplasm
Membrane

Biofluid Locations

Not Available

Tissue Locations

Not Available

Applications

anticonvulsant

Biological Roles

Not Available

Chemical Roles

Not Available

Organoleptic Effects

Not Available

Physical Properties

State

Solid

Appearance

White powder.

Experimental Properties

Property	Value
Melting Point	Not Available
Boiling Point	Not Available
Solubility	2.98e+02 g/L

Predicted Properties

Property	Value	Source
Water Solubility	298 g/L	ALOGPS
logP	-0.64	ALOGPS
logP	-0.59	ChemAxon
logS	0.24	ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)	16.09	ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)	-1.6	ChemAxon
Physiological Charge	0	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count	2	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count	1	ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area	63.4 Å²	ChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count	3	ChemAxon
Refractivity	44.08 m³·mol⁻¹	ChemAxon
Polarizability	17.78 Å³	ChemAxon
Number of Rings	1	ChemAxon
Bioavailability	Yes	ChemAxon
Rule of Five	Yes	ChemAxon
Ghose Filter	No	ChemAxon
Veber's Rule	No	ChemAxon
MDDR-like Rule	No	ChemAxon

Spectra

Spectrum Type	Description	Splash Key	Deposition Date	View
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum	splash10-002g-9300000000-c7be6e1922b5359940b6	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum	Not Available	Not Available	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-0fb9-0900000000-5d10dc46b3d8459f5136	Not Available	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-004i-0900000000-eed0f7c0281298a901e0	Not Available	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-004i-0900000000-904c39fde7b4a564f4f9	Not Available	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-004i-0900000000-043119aa2fce9bf106a6	Not Available	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-004i-0900000000-baaa7247861e2a0c32dc	Not Available	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-0udi-0900000000-e4d3bcf5f9604374d974	Not Available	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-0fb9-0900000000-c54dadca90f9667c5e5e	Not Available	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-004i-0900000000-43e7dddd01af30559674	Not Available	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-004i-0900000000-bcf3b82b0418f01f7c88	Not Available	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-004i-0900000000-af204f882b93928b3786	Not Available	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-004i-2900000000-0d85e8e75dfd969db153	Not Available	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-004i-6900000000-8038b6a6542f48ef1db6	Not Available	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-0fb9-0900000000-b79c1cd502a80d2cc5a5	Not Available	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-004i-0900000000-b2783da92be1f5956300	Not Available	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-004i-0900000000-656f696fd6f22abd3b8c	Not Available	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-004i-0900000000-05fe19e5eb84577847c0	Not Available	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-004i-1900000000-b7a6c4f29c539bcb255c	Not Available	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-004i-4900000000-159b3785ab54ec35d7ae	Not Available	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-0udi-0900000000-4576e782d08537cb54d3	Not Available	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-0udi-0900000000-4576e782d08537cb54d3	Not Available	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-004i-0900000000-043119aa2fce9bf106a6	Not Available	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-004i-0900000000-904c39fde7b4a564f4f9	Not Available	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-004i-4900000000-159b3785ab54ec35d7ae	Not Available	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-0fb9-0900000000-413250d923ea21baafc5	Not Available	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-004i-0900000000-eed0f7c0281298a901e0	Not Available	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-004i-1900000000-3cdb57ce079e7cf8573e	Not Available	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-004i-1900000000-fd0aef6ff7e6419501e2	Not Available	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-0udi-0900000000-e4d3bcf5f9604374d974	Not Available	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-0fb9-0900000000-b79c1cd502a80d2cc5a5	Not Available	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-004i-0900000000-c52971912331ca9b9a1f	Not Available	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-004i-0900000000-baaa7247861e2a0c32dc	Not Available	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-004i-0900000000-b2783da92be1f5956300	Not Available	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-0fb9-0900000000-856c4fb7aa5829911a44	Not Available	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-004i-0900000000-7b2cc57c574e0611c0c2	Not Available	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-004i-0900000000-cdcd5a6db043f9bbeadc	Not Available	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-0fb9-0900000000-1394a5a79691a417d41d	Not Available	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-004i-0900000000-a80bf6fa7b0c775074c0	Not Available	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-004i-0900000000-768faa880e675c0ca8dd	Not Available	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-004i-0900000000-603a1a46953a6674e932	Not Available	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-004i-0900000000-3e66f6fb8cb827d02fac	Not Available	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-004i-0900000000-809cfa2e3cd3713fd6cc	Not Available	View Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-004i-6900000000-8038b6a6542f48ef1db6	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-00di-0900000000-ec0076a60bef1bfe06dd	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-0fb9-2900000000-22b720450ebfea704554	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-0006-9100000000-17a515534beb406070e0	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-014i-0900000000-7470975ba67c5de6162e	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-00pl-5900000000-50443438445390c4345a	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-0006-9000000000-517ee6018ae48754d1b7	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-004i-0900000000-4938b3a6596fd97e494b	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-004i-4900000000-32f3355088449cff4b30	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-00yu-9000000000-d60c88ec9031f660f48b	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-014i-1900000000-f76340b51daad0ed4038	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-0159-9100000000-ccb7389b60789f159489	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-0006-9200000000-6dbbc790de2f8d0bbc5d	Not Available	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, D₂O, predicted)	Not Available	Not Available	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, D₂O, predicted)	Not Available	Not Available	View Spectrum

Toxicity Profile

Toxicity Values

Toxicity Value	Organism	Dose Descriptor	Route of Exposure	Predicted or Experimental	Toxicity Rating	Reference
2074.0 Log mg/kg [1200:3700]	Rat	LD50	oral	predicted	Not Available	Not Available

Toxicity / Toxin Class

Not Available

Mechanism of Toxicity

The precise mechanism(s) by which levetiracetam exerts its antiepileptic effect is unknown. The antiepileptic activity of levetiracetam was assessed in a number of animal models of epileptic seizures. Levetiracetam did not inhibit single seizures induced by maximal stimulation with electrical current or different chemoconvulsants and showed only minimal activity in submaximal stimulation and in threshold tests. Protection was observed, however, against secondarily generalized activity from focal seizures induced by pilocarpine and kainic acid, two chemoconvulsants that induce seizures that mimic some features of human complex partial seizures with secondary generalization. Levetiracetam also displayed inhibitory properties in the kindling model in rats, another model of human complex partial seizures, both during kindling development and in the fully kindled state. The predictive value of these animal models for specific types of human epilepsy is uncertain. Levetiracetam is thought to stimulate synaptic vesicle protein 2A (SV2A), inhibiting neurotransmitter release.

Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification)

No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).

Minimum Risk Level

Not Available

Symptoms

Side effects include aggression, agitation, coma, drowsiness, reduced consciousness, slowed breathing.

Treatment

There is no specific antidote for overdose with Levetiracetam. If indicated, elimination of unabsorbed drug should be attempted by emesis or gastric lavage; usual precautions should be observed to maintain airway. General supportive care of the patient is indicated including monitoring of vital signs and observation of the patient's clinical status.

Health Effects

Health Effect	Relationship	Direction	Description	Reference

Exposure Sources

Source ID	Source	Sector	Reference
CEDs000010	Insecticides?Insecticides are synthetic chemicals designed to control or eliminate insect pests that threaten crops and other agricultural products.	Agriculture & land management	PubChem
CEDs000115	Drinking water?Drinking water can be a medium for synthetic chemical contamination, often originating from various industrial processes and agricultural practices.	Drinking water & water supply	Not Available
CEDs000371	Antiepileptics?Antiepileptics are a class of synthetic drugs used primarily to manage seizure disorders.	Healthcare, pharmaceuticals & veterinary products	Not Available
CEDs000518	Electrically Stimulated Smoking Devices?Electrically stimulated smoking devices, commonly known as e-cigarettes or vape pens, utilize electrical components to heat a liquid solution, often containing nicotine, flavorings, and other additives, to produce an aerosol for inhalation.	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	PubChem
CEDs000527	Magnets?Magnets, commonly used in various electrical and electronic applications, can be a source of synthetic chemical contamination due to the materials used in their production.	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	PubChem
CEDs000531	Relays?Relays are electromechanical switches used to control circuits and manage electrical loads.	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	PubChem
CEDs000537	Television Systems?Television systems can be a source of synthetic chemical contamination due to the various materials and components used in their manufacture and operation.	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	PubChem
CEDs000545	Food Preservation?Food preservation often involves the use of synthetic chemicals, such as preservatives, flavor enhancers, and color additives, to extend shelf life and enhance the sensory qualities of food products.	Food, food processing & cookware	PubChem
CEDs000556	Cigar Cigarettes?Cigar cigarettes are a source of synthetic chemical contamination due to the combustion of various tobacco blends and additives.	Household cleaning & consumer products	PubChem
CEDs000559	Non Electric Simulated Smoking Devices?Non-electric simulated smoking devices, often designed to mimic the experience of smoking without combustion, can be sources of synthetic chemical contamination due to the materials and chemicals used in their construction and operation.	Household cleaning & consumer products	PubChem
CEDs000560	Other Smoking Requisites?Other smoking requisites, including items such as lighters, matches, and rolling papers, can introduce synthetic chemical contamination through various components and additives.	Household cleaning & consumer products	PubChem
CEDs000569	Tobacco Smoke Filters?Tobacco smoke filters are designed to reduce the inhalation of harmful substances in cigarette smoke, including tar and other particulate matter.	Household cleaning & consumer products	PubChem
CEDs000580	Manufacture Preparation Of Tobacco Products?The manufacture and preparation of tobacco products involve various processes that can result in the introduction of synthetic chemicals into the environment.	Industrial manufacturing & chemical processing	PubChem
CEDs000596	Acaricides?Acaricides are synthetic chemicals specifically designed to target and control mite populations that can damage crops and plants.	Agriculture & land management	PubChem
CEDs000605	Pest Repellants?Pest repellents, often formulated from synthetic chemicals, are widely used to protect crops from insect infestations and other pests.	Agriculture & land management	PubChem
CEDs000611	Anti Perspirants Or Body Deoderants?Antiperspirants and body deodorants commonly contain synthetic chemicals such as aluminum compounds, parabens, and synthetic fragrances.	Personal care & cosmetics	PubChem
CEDs000615	Eye Makeup Products?Eye makeup products, including mascaras, eyeliners, and eyeshadows, often contain a variety of synthetic chemicals such as pigments, preservatives, and film-forming agents.	Personal care & cosmetics	PubChem
CEDs000617	Lip Care Products?Lip care products, including lipsticks, balms, and glosses, often contain a variety of synthetic chemicals such as parabens, phthalates, and synthetic fragrances.	Personal care & cosmetics	PubChem
CEDs000618	Lip Makeup Products?Lip makeup products, such as lipsticks, lip glosses, and lip liners, often contain a variety of synthetic chemicals, including pigments, preservatives, and emollients.	Personal care & cosmetics	PubChem
CEDs000632	Apparel?Apparel production often involves the use of various synthetic chemicals, including dyes, finishing agents, and preservatives.	Textiles, leather & furnishings	PubChem
CEDs000671	Airplanes And Helicopters?Airplanes and helicopters are significant sources of synthetic chemical contamination primarily through the use of aviation fuels, lubricants, and de-icing agents.	Aviation & Aerospace	PubChem
CEDs000685	Ceramics?Ceramics can be a source of synthetic chemical contamination through various additives and processing agents used in their production.	Building & Construction	PubChem
CEDs000688	Glass Coatings?Glass coatings are synthetic chemical formulations applied to glass surfaces to enhance properties such as durability, UV resistance, and aesthetic appeal.	Building & Construction	PubChem
CEDs000696	Nanotechnology?Nanotechnology involves the manipulation of materials at the molecular or atomic level, typically within the range of 1 to 100 nanometers.	Industrial manufacturing & chemical processing	PubChem
CEDs000744	Water, Wastewater, & Sewage Treatment?Water, wastewater, and sewage treatment processes are critical for managing and mitigating pollutants in water systems.	Wastewater, sanitation & biosolids	PubChem

Pathways

3 pathwaysPathway Source: PathBank

Levetiracetam Action Pathway (New)

Levetiracetam Drug Metabolism Action Pathway

Levetiracetam Predicted Metabolism Pathway

Targets

Structure	Protein	UniProt ID	Organism	Relationship	Details
Click to view 3D structure	Synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A	Q02563	Rattus norvegicus	Predicted (SEA)	Prediction Confidence Score 0.513 Applicability Domain 0.513 Statistical Significance 6.00e-05 Supporting Reference Compounds 1 E-value 0.467095
Click to view 3D structure	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2	P08172	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	Prediction Confidence Score 0.256 Applicability Domain 0.289 Low confidence Statistical Significance 0.1115 Supporting Reference Compounds 373 E-value 868.019
Click to view 3D structure	Melanocortin receptor 4	P32245	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	Prediction Confidence Score 0.256 Applicability Domain 0.31 Statistical Significance 0.0415 Supporting Reference Compounds 96 E-value 323.464
Click to view 3D structure	Cytochrome P450 3A4	P08684	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	Prediction Confidence Score 0.254 Applicability Domain 0.278 Low confidence Statistical Significance 0.5209 Supporting Reference Compounds 1538 E-value 4055.01
Click to view 3D structure	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1	P11229	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	Prediction Confidence Score 0.251 Applicability Domain 0.289 Low confidence Statistical Significance 0.1414 Supporting Reference Compounds 385 E-value 1100.87
Click to view 3D structure	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5	P08912	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	Prediction Confidence Score 0.247 Applicability Domain 0.289 Low confidence Statistical Significance 0.1157 Supporting Reference Compounds 266 E-value 901.105
Click to view 3D structure	Melanocortin receptor 3	P41968	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	Prediction Confidence Score 0.243 Applicability Domain 0.31 Statistical Significance 0.0398 Supporting Reference Compounds 45 E-value 309.529
Click to view 3D structure	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1	P08482	Rattus norvegicus	Predicted (SEA)	Prediction Confidence Score 0.241 Applicability Domain 0.289 Low confidence Statistical Significance 0.0564 Supporting Reference Compounds 109 E-value 439.381
Click to view 3D structure	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2	P10980	Rattus norvegicus	Predicted (SEA)	Prediction Confidence Score 0.241 Applicability Domain 0.289 Low confidence Statistical Significance 0.0333 Supporting Reference Compounds 98 E-value 259.471
Click to view 3D structure	Melanocortin receptor 5	P33032	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	Prediction Confidence Score 0.24 Applicability Domain 0.31 Statistical Significance 0.0404 Supporting Reference Compounds 48 E-value 314.744
Click to view 3D structure	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3	P20309	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	Prediction Confidence Score 0.237 Applicability Domain 0.289 Low confidence Statistical Significance 0.1909 Supporting Reference Compounds 310 E-value 1486.06
Click to view 3D structure	Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 16	Q9Z0W1	Mus musculus	Predicted (SEA)	Prediction Confidence Score 0.231 Applicability Domain 0.231 Low confidence Statistical Significance 0.0037 Supporting Reference Compounds 1 E-value 28.8821
Click to view 3D structure	Dipeptidyl peptidase 8	Q6V1X1	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	Prediction Confidence Score 0.228 Applicability Domain 0.255 Low confidence Statistical Significance 0.0315 Supporting Reference Compounds 57 E-value 245.147
Click to view 3D structure	Dipeptidyl peptidase 9	Q86TI2	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	Prediction Confidence Score 0.226 Applicability Domain 0.255 Low confidence Statistical Significance 0.0346 Supporting Reference Compounds 55 E-value 269.203
Click to view 3D structure	Dipeptidyl peptidase 9	E1BI31	Bos taurus	Predicted (SEA)	Prediction Confidence Score 0.222 Applicability Domain 0.255 Low confidence Statistical Significance 4.70e-04 Supporting Reference Compounds 3 E-value 3.65891
Click to view 3D structure	Xaa-Pro aminopeptidase 2	Q99MA2	Rattus norvegicus	Predicted (SEA)	Prediction Confidence Score 0.222 Applicability Domain 0.246 Low confidence Statistical Significance 0.0184 Supporting Reference Compounds 7 E-value 143.632
Click to view 3D structure	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4	P08173	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	Prediction Confidence Score 0.221 Applicability Domain 0.286 Low confidence Statistical Significance 0.3052 Supporting Reference Compounds 297 E-value 2375.88
Click to view 3D structure	Dipeptidyl peptidase 4	P27487	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	Prediction Confidence Score 0.22 Applicability Domain 0.255 Low confidence Statistical Significance 0.11 Supporting Reference Compounds 129 E-value 856.575
Click to view 3D structure	Neuraminidase	P03468	Influenza A virus (A/Puerto Rico/8/1934(H1N1))	Predicted (SEA)	Prediction Confidence Score 0.217 Applicability Domain 0.25 Low confidence Statistical Significance 0.0077 Supporting Reference Compounds 34 E-value 60.2553
Click to view 3D structure	Neuraminidase	B4URF0	Influenza A virus	Predicted (SEA)	Prediction Confidence Score 0.217 Applicability Domain 0.25 Low confidence Statistical Significance 0.0103 Supporting Reference Compounds 42 E-value 79.9511
Click to view 3D structure	Xaa-Pro aminopeptidase 1	Q9NQW7	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	Prediction Confidence Score 0.217 Applicability Domain 0.246 Low confidence Statistical Significance 0.0309 Supporting Reference Compounds 13 E-value 240.788
Click to view 3D structure	Xaa-Pro aminopeptidase 2	O43895	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	Prediction Confidence Score 0.216 Applicability Domain 0.246 Low confidence Statistical Significance 0.0169 Supporting Reference Compounds 7 E-value 131.565
Click to view 3D structure	SPRY domain-containing SOCS box protein 2	Q99619	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	Prediction Confidence Score 0.214 Applicability Domain 0.214 Low confidence Statistical Significance 0.0102 Supporting Reference Compounds 1 E-value 79.7176
Click to view 3D structure	Dipeptidyl peptidase 2	Q9UHL4	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	Prediction Confidence Score 0.214 Applicability Domain 0.255 Low confidence Statistical Significance 0.0636 Supporting Reference Compounds 41 E-value 495.043
Click to view 3D structure	Melanocortin receptor 4	P56450	Mus musculus	Predicted (SEA)	Prediction Confidence Score 0.213 Applicability Domain 0.31 Statistical Significance 0.0588 Supporting Reference Compounds 34 E-value 457.52
Click to view 3D structure	Voltage-dependent N-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1B	Q00975	Humans	Known	Not Available
Click to view 3D structure	Carbonic anhydrase 1	P00915	Humans	Known	The precise mechanism(s) by which levetiracetam exerts its antiepileptic effect is unknown. The antiepileptic activity of levetiracetam was assessed in a number of animal models of epileptic seizures. Levetiracetam did not inhibit single seizures induced by maximal stimulation with electrical current or different chemoconvulsants and showed only minimal activity in submaximal stimulation and in threshold tests. Protection was observed, however, against secondarily generalized activity from focal seizures induced by pilocarpine and kainic acid, two chemoconvulsants that induce seizures that mimic some features of human complex partial seizures with secondary generalization. Levetiracetam also displayed inhibitory properties in the kindling model in rats, another model of human complex partial seizures, both during kindling development and in the fully kindled state. The predictive value of these animal models for specific types of human epilepsy is uncertain.
Click to view 3D structure	Sodium channel protein type 1 subunit alpha	P35498	Humans	Known	The precise mechanism(s) by which levetiracetam exerts its antiepileptic effect is unknown. The antiepileptic activity of levetiracetam was assessed in a number of animal models of epileptic seizures. Levetiracetam did not inhibit single seizures induced by maximal stimulation with electrical current or different chemoconvulsants and showed only minimal activity in submaximal stimulation and in threshold tests. Protection was observed, however, against secondarily generalized activity from focal seizures induced by pilocarpine and kainic acid, two chemoconvulsants that induce seizures that mimic some features of human complex partial seizures with secondary generalization. Levetiracetam also displayed inhibitory properties in the kindling model in rats, another model of human complex partial seizures, both during kindling development and in the fully kindled state. The predictive value of these animal models for specific types of human epilepsy is uncertain.
Click to view 3D structure	Synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A	Q7L0J3	Humans	Known	The precise mechanism(s) by which levetiracetam exerts its antiepileptic effect is unknown. The antiepileptic activity of levetiracetam was assessed in a number of animal models of epileptic seizures. Levetiracetam did not inhibit single seizures induced by maximal stimulation with electrical current or different chemoconvulsants and showed only minimal activity in submaximal stimulation and in threshold tests. Protection was observed, however, against secondarily generalized activity from focal seizures induced by pilocarpine and kainic acid, two chemoconvulsants that induce seizures that mimic some features of human complex partial seizures with secondary generalization. Levetiracetam also displayed inhibitory properties in the kindling model in rats, another model of human complex partial seizures, both during kindling development and in the fully kindled state. The predictive value of these animal models for specific types of human epilepsy is uncertain.
Click to view 3D structure	Voltage-dependent T-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1G	O43497	Humans	Known	The precise mechanism(s) by which levetiracetam exerts its antiepileptic effect is unknown. The antiepileptic activity of levetiracetam was assessed in a number of animal models of epileptic seizures. Levetiracetam did not inhibit single seizures induced by maximal stimulation with electrical current or different chemoconvulsants and showed only minimal activity in submaximal stimulation and in threshold tests. Protection was observed, however, against secondarily generalized activity from focal seizures induced by pilocarpine and kainic acid, two chemoconvulsants that induce seizures that mimic some features of human complex partial seizures with secondary generalization. Levetiracetam also displayed inhibitory properties in the kindling model in rats, another model of human complex partial seizures, both during kindling development and in the fully kindled state. The predictive value of these animal models for specific types of human epilepsy is uncertain.

Concentrations

Status	Value	Unit	Sample Location	Reference
Detected and Quantified	350	ng/L	Bioggio,Lugano	24417318
Detected and Quantified	1200	ng/L	Bussigny-prés-Lausanne	24417318
Detected and Quantified	980	ng/L	Hallau,Klettgau	24417318
Detected and Quantified	160	ng/L	Thal,Altenrhein	24417318
Detected and Quantified	190	ng/L	Uetendorf,Thun	24417318
Detected and Quantified	600	ng/L	Vernier,Aïre	24417318
Detected and Quantified	150	ng/L	Winterthur	24417318
Detected and Quantified	540	ng/L	Werdhölzli,Zürich	24417318
Detected and Quantified	120	ng/L	Schönau,Zug	24417318
Detected and Quantified	210	ng/L	Affoltern,Zwillikon	24417318

External Links

DrugBank ID

Not Available

HMDB ID

HMDB0015333

FooDB ID

Not Available

Phenol Explorer ID

Not Available

KNApSAcK ID

Not Available

BiGG ID

Not Available

BioCyc ID

Not Available

METLIN ID

Not Available

PDB ID

Not Available

Wikipedia Link

Chemspider ID

ChEBI ID

PubChem Compound ID

Kegg Compound ID

YMDB ID

Not Available

ECMDB ID

Not Available

References

Synthesis Reference

Tooru Futagawa, Jean-Pierre Canvat, Emile Cavoy, Michel Deleers, Michel Hamende, Vincent Zimmermann, “Process for the preparation of levetiracetam.” U.S. Patent US6107492, issued September, 1996.

MSDS

Not Available

General References

Wishart DS, Knox C, Guo AC, Cheng D, Shrivastava S, Tzur D, Gautam B, Hassanali M: DrugBank: a knowledgebase for drugs, drug actions and drug targets. Nucleic Acids Res. 2008 Jan;36(Database issue):D901-6. Epub 2007 Nov 29. [PubMed: 18048412]

Levetiracetam (CED0002002)

Structure for CHEM002376: Levetiracetam

Structure