Thalidomide (CED0001765)

Thalidomide belongs to the isoindolines, a subclass of isoindoles and derivatives within the organic compounds. This exogenous solid has the formula C13H10N2O4 and an average molecular weight of 258.23 g/mol. It functions as a drug (PMC10316824, PMC7186126), inhibitor (PMC13125077), and agonist (PMC5776038). Its recorded biological roles and applications include use as an immunosuppressive agent, anti-inflammatory agent (PMC10316824), anti-inflammatory drug, antineoplastic agent, angiogenesis inhibitor, leprostatic drug, teratogenic agent, sedative, antiemetic, and anticonvulsant. It is administered via the oral exposure route and is found in healthcare, pharmaceuticals, and veterinary products as an immunosuppressant, as well as in various electrical equipment, household cleaning and consumer products, and food processing sources. The compound targets several proteins, including Protein cereblon (CRBN), Tumor necrosis factor (TNF), Nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit (NFKB1), Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2 (PTGS2), Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4-alpha (HNF4A), Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 2 (NR1I2), and is a binder of Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2). In patients with erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL), its immunologic effects may relate to the down-modulation of selected cell surface adhesion molecules and the suppression of excessive tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a) production. Thalidomide is used as a treatment for cancer (PMC10216254, PMC4084783), multiple myeloma (PMC10216254, PMC10316824, PMC11158875, PMC11201495, PMC11637717, PMC12650601, PMC12923561, PMC13187128, PMC1779467, PMC2330021), angiosarcoma (PMC3715084, PMC5102718), rheumatoid arthritis (PMC1010320, PMC7298168), cutaneous lupus erythematosus (PMC9724583), pulmonary fibrosis (PMC9724583), gastrointestinal bleeding (PMC4986528, PMC6360670), pancytopenia (PMC4718299), vomiting (PMC8546762, PMC9903622), and bleeding (PMC12863811, PMC2776553, PMC5370822). It has therapeutic effects on inflammation (PMC6415974, PMC9724583), dilated cardiomyopathy (PMC4380242), pulmonary fibrosis (PMC5677010), rheumatoid arthritis (PMC4408009), gastrointestinal bleeding (PMC4250877), and multiple myeloma (PMC4084783, PMC4889030, PMC7298168). Associated health effects include neuropathy (PMC3674591, PMC4382664, PMC6081177, PMC7271593, PMC9387014, PMC9530276), drowsiness (PMC12863811, PMC9530276), fatigue (PMC3134146, PMC5370822, PMC6415974), rash (PMC3134146, PMC6212999), Stevens-Johnson syndrome (PMC3134146), neutropenia (PMC4439262, PMC5927128), edema (PMC4436674), increased headache (PMC5927128), and prostate cancer (PMC4439262).