Some data may have been extracted from scientific literature using a pipeline that uses large language models (LLMs). Source articles are cited where applicable to help verify the extracted relationships.
Paclitaxel (C47H51NO14) is an exogenous compound that exists as a solid at room temperature. Paclitaxel belongs to the diterpenoids, a subclass of prenol lipids within the organic compounds. With an average molecular weight of 853.91 g/mol, Paclitaxel is a heavy molecule. It functions as a drug (PMC8065995 , PMC9413000 ), antineoplastic agent, inhibitor (PMC13084601 ), microtubule-stabilising agent, metabolite, human metabolite, and antioxidant (PMC12192122 ). Its protein targets include the Tubulin beta-1 chain (TUBB1), Apoptosis regulator Bcl-2 (BCL2), Microtubule-associated protein 4 (MAP4), and Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 2 (NR1I2), among others.
This compound is used in the treatment of various malignancies, including cancer (PMC11222254 , PMC12841708 ), breast cancer (PMC10830687 , PMC11644112 ), ovarian cancer (PMC7833388 ), endometrial cancer (PMC10720226 , PMC5762267 ), liver cancer (PMC11651419 , PMC6682490 ), pancreatic cancer (PMC8002168 ), prostate cancer (PMC8072532 ), squamous cell carcinoma (PMC10314637 ), lung cancer (PMC3383615 ), angiosarcoma (PMC9878303 ), Kaposi's sarcoma (PMC9401909 ), and the breast and lung (PMC9401909 , PMC9686580 ). It has demonstrated therapeutic effects on angiosarcoma (PMC5102718 ), breast cancer (PMC7587361 , PMC8072532 ), ovarian cancer (PMC8072532 ), lung cancer (PMC10003701 ), and hepatocellular carcinoma (PMC10144513 ). Associated health effects include nausea (PMC9686580 ), vomiting (PMC9686580 ), leukopenia (PMC9686580 ), neutropenia (PMC4436674 , PMC9686580 ), neuropathic pain (PMC6115949 ), neuropathy (PMC13084601 ), and paresthesia (PMC13084601 ).
Paclitaxel is found in 22 recorded sources, including healthcare, pharmaceuticals and veterinary products, drinking water, food packaging, synthetic textiles, and electrical and electronic equipment such as cell phones and batteries. Exposure routes include oral, intravenous, inhalation, and touch.
Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as diphenylmethanes. Diphenylmethanes are compounds containing a diphenylmethane moiety, which consists of a methane wherein two hydrogen atoms are replaced by two phenyl groups.
Paclitaxel interferes with the normal function of microtubule growth. Whereas drugs like colchicine cause the depolymerization of microtubules in vivo, paclitaxel arrests their function by having the opposite effect; it hyper-stabilizes their structure. This destroys the cell's ability to use its cytoskeleton in a flexible manner. Specifically, paclitaxel binds to the β subunit of tubulin. Tubulin is the 'building block' of mictotubules, and the binding of paclitaxel locks these building blocks in place. The resulting microtubule/paclitaxel complex does not have the ability to disassemble. This adversely affects cell function because the shortening and lengthening of microtubules (termed dynamic instability) is necessary for their function as a transportation highway for the cell. Chromosomes, for example, rely upon this property of microtubules during mitosis. Further research has indicated that paclitaxel induces programmed cell death (apoptosis) in cancer cells by binding to an apoptosis stopping protein called Bcl-2 (B-cell leukemia 2) and thus arresting its function.
Rat (ipr) LD50=32530 µg/kg.
A disorder characterized by a pathological increase in blood pressure; a repeatedly elevation in the blood pressure exceeding 140 over 90 mm Hg. (NCI CTCAE)
Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. Possible signs and symptoms include a lump, abnormal bleeding, prolonged cough, unexplained weight loss, and a change in bowel movements. There are over 100 types of cancers affect humans. The risk of developing certain cancers can be reduced by not smoking, maintaining a healthy weight, not drinking too much alcohol, eating plenty of vegetables, fruits and whole grains, vaccination against certain infectious diseases, not eating too much processed and red meat and avoiding too much sunlight exposure. Cancer is often treated with some combination of radiation therapy, surgery, chemotherapy and targeted therapy. The majority of cancers, some 90–95% of cases, are due to genetic mutations from environmental and lifestyle factors. The remaining 5–10% are due to inherited genetics.
Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. Possible signs and symptoms include a lump, abnormal bleeding, prolonged cough, unexplained weight loss, and a change in bowel movements. There are over 100 types of cancers affect humans. The risk of developing certain cancers can be reduced by not smoking, maintaining a healthy weight, not drinking too much alcohol, eating plenty of vegetables, fruits and whole grains, vaccination against certain infectious diseases, not eating too much processed and red meat and avoiding too much sunlight exposure. Cancer is often treated with some combination of radiation therapy, surgery, chemotherapy and targeted therapy. The majority of cancers, some 90–95% of cases, are due to genetic mutations from environmental and lifestyle factors. The remaining 5–10% are due to inherited genetics.
A disorder characterized by a state of generalized weakness with a pronounced inability to summon sufficient energy to accomplish daily activities. (NCI CTCAE)
A disorder characterized by a sensation of marked discomfort in various parts of the head, not confined to the area of distribution of any nerve. (NCI CTCAE)
A cell type cancer that has material basis in abnormally proliferating cells derives from melanocytes which are found in skin, the bowel and the eye. (DO)
A cell type cancer that has material basis in abnormally proliferating cells derives from melanocytes which are found in skin, the bowel and the eye. (DO)
Liver cancer, also known as hepatic cancer and primary hepatic cancer, is cancer that starts in the liver. Cancer which has spread from elsewhere to the liver, known as liver metastasis, is more common than that which starts in the liver. Symptoms of liver cancer may include a lump or pain in the right side below the rib cage, swelling of the abdomen, yellowish skin, easy bruising, weight loss and weakness.("Adult Primary Liver Cancer Treatment (PDQ®)–Patient Version". NCI. 6 July 2016. Archived from the original on 2 October 2016. Retrieved 29 September 2016) The leading cause of liver cancer is cirrhosis due to hepatitis B, hepatitis C or alcohol.(PMID: 25530442) The most common types of liver cancer are hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which makes up 80% of cases, and cholangiocarcinoma.(World Cancer Report 2014. World Health Organization. 2014. pp. Chapter 5.6. ISBN 978-9283204299) Globally, as of 2010, liver cancer resulted in 754,000 deaths, up from 460,000 in 1990, making it the third leading cause of cancer death after lung and stomach.(PMID: 23245604) In 2012, it represented 7% of cancer diagnoses in men, the 5th most diagnosed cancer that year.(World Cancer Report 2014. International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization. 2014. ISBN 978-92-832-0432-9)
Drinking water?Drinking water can be a medium for synthetic chemical contamination, often originating from various industrial processes and agricultural practices.
Printed circuit boards?Printed circuit boards (PCBs) are essential components in the manufacturing of electronic devices, serving as the backbone for electrical connections and circuit pathways.
Semiconductors?Semiconductors are materials that possess electrical conductivity between that of conductors and insulators, making them essential for various electronic applications, including transistors, diodes, and integrated circuits.
Lubricants?Lubricants are synthetic or petroleum-derived substances used to reduce friction between surfaces in machinery and equipment, enhancing operational efficiency and longevity.
Food packaging?Food packaging often utilizes synthetic chemicals, such as plastics and coatings, to enhance durability, moisture resistance, and shelf life.
Medical devices?Medical devices often incorporate synthetic chemicals in their manufacturing processes, which can contribute to contamination in healthcare settings.
Carpets and Rugs?Carpets and rugs are commonly manufactured using synthetic fibers such as nylon, polyester, and polypropylene, which can be derived from petrochemical sources.
Synthetic textiles?Synthetic textiles are materials derived from man-made fibers, such as polyester, nylon, and acrylic, which are produced through chemical processes involving petrochemicals.
Cell phones?Cell phones contain a variety of synthetic chemicals and materials, including plastics, metals, and glass, which can contribute to environmental contamination.
Capacitors?Capacitors are electronic components that store and release electrical energy, often using dielectric materials that can include synthetic chemicals.
Antennas?Antennas, commonly used in communication technologies, can be a source of synthetic chemical contamination through the materials and coatings used in their construction.
Conductors Or Conductive Bodies Characterised By The Conductive Materials?Conductors, or conductive bodies, are materials that allow the flow of electrical current, typically made from metals such as copper, aluminum, or silver.
Electrically Stimulated Smoking Devices?Electrically stimulated smoking devices, commonly known as e-cigarettes or vape pens, utilize electrical components to heat a liquid solution, often containing nicotine, flavorings, and other additives, to produce an aerosol for inhalation.
Electrodes?Electrodes, used in various electrical and electronic applications, can be a source of synthetic chemical contamination due to the materials from which they are constructed and the processes involved in their manufacturing.
Hybrid Capacitors?Hybrid capacitors are energy storage devices that combine the properties of electrolytic and supercapacitors, utilizing a combination of electrochemical principles to achieve higher energy density and power density.
Thin Magnetic Films?Thin magnetic films are layers of magnetic material ranging from a few nanometers to several micrometers in thickness, commonly used in applications such as magnetic sensors, data storage devices, and electronic components.
Food Preservation?Food preservation often involves the use of synthetic chemicals, such as preservatives, flavor enhancers, and color additives, to extend shelf life and enhance the sensory qualities of food products.
Pipe Accessories?Pipe accessories, such as fittings, connectors, and seals, are components used in plumbing systems to facilitate the flow of liquids and gases.
Soap Detergents?Soap detergents are synthetic surfactants designed to enhance the cleaning efficacy of water by reducing surface tension, allowing for better interaction with dirt and grease.
Soap Dispensers?Soap dispensers, commonly used for dispensing liquid soaps and sanitizers, can become a source of synthetic chemical contamination due to the materials used in their construction and the products they dispense.
Tobacco Smoke Filters?Tobacco smoke filters are designed to reduce the inhalation of harmful substances in cigarette smoke, including tar and other particulate matter.
Manufacture Preparation Of Tobacco Products?The manufacture and preparation of tobacco products involve various processes that can result in the introduction of synthetic chemicals into the environment.
Aftersun Products?Aftersun products are designed to soothe and hydrate the skin after sun exposure, often containing various synthetic chemicals such as emollients, preservatives, and fragrances.
Anti Perspirants Or Body Deoderants?Antiperspirants and body deodorants commonly contain synthetic chemicals such as aluminum compounds, parabens, and synthetic fragrances.
Depilatories?Depilatories are products designed to remove unwanted hair through the application of synthetic chemicals that break down the protein structure of hair, facilitating its removal.
Essential Oils Or Perfumes?Essential oils and perfumes are complex mixtures of volatile compounds derived from natural or synthetic sources, commonly used for their aromatic properties.
Eye Makeup Products?Eye makeup products, including mascaras, eyeliners, and eyeshadows, often contain a variety of synthetic chemicals such as pigments, preservatives, and film-forming agents.
Lip Care Products?Lip care products, including lipsticks, balms, and glosses, often contain a variety of synthetic chemicals such as parabens, phthalates, and synthetic fragrances.
Lip Makeup Products?Lip makeup products, such as lipsticks, lip glosses, and lip liners, often contain a variety of synthetic chemicals, including pigments, preservatives, and emollients.
Toys?Toys, particularly those made from synthetic materials such as plastics, can be a source of chemical contamination due to the presence of various additives and compounds used in their production.
Footwear?Footwear production often involves the use of various synthetic chemicals, such as adhesives, dyes, and treatments, which can contribute to environmental contamination.
Yarns Or Threads?Yarns or threads used in textiles can be a source of synthetic chemical contamination due to the production processes and treatments they undergo.
Gaseous Fire Fighting?Gaseous fire fighting systems utilize synthetic chemicals, such as halocarbons and inert gases, to suppress fires through chemical and physical processes.
Nitrogenous Fertilisers?Nitrogenous fertilizers are synthetic chemical compounds primarily used to enhance plant growth by supplying essential nitrogen, a crucial nutrient for photosynthesis and protein synthesis.
Silica Free Oxide Glass?Silica Free Oxide Glass is a type of glass that is produced using alternative materials to traditional silica-based formulations.
Nanotechnology?Nanotechnology involves the manipulation of materials at the molecular or atomic level, typically within the range of 1 to 100 nanometers.
Coating Compositions?Coating compositions, which include paints, sealants, and varnishes, are formulated with a variety of synthetic chemicals such as solvents, resins, pigments, and additives.
Sludge Treatment?Sludge treatment involves the processing of waste materials generated from wastewater treatment plants, which often contain a variety of organic and inorganic substances.
Water, Wastewater, & Sewage Treatment?Water, wastewater, and sewage treatment processes are critical for managing and mitigating pollutants in water systems.
Hendricus B. A. de Bont, Ruben G. G. Leenders, Johan W. Scheeren, Hidde J. Haisma, Dick de Vos, “Paclitaxel prodrugs, method for preparation as well as their use in selective chemotherapy.” U.S. Patent US5760072, issued September, 1989.
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Wani MC, Taylor HL, Wall ME, Coggon P, McPhail AT: Plant antitumor agents. VI. The isolation and structure of taxol, a novel antileukemic and antitumor agent from Taxus brevifolia. J Am Chem Soc. 1971 May 5;93(9):2325-7. [PubMed: 5553076]
Fuchs DA, Johnson RK: Cytologic evidence that taxol, an antineoplastic agent from Taxus brevifolia, acts as a mitotic spindle poison. Cancer Treat Rep. 1978 Aug;62(8):1219-22. [PubMed: 688258]
Saville MW, Lietzau J, Pluda JM, Feuerstein I, Odom J, Wilson WH, Humphrey RW, Feigal E, Steinberg SM, Broder S, et al.: Treatment of HIV-associated Kaposi's sarcoma with paclitaxel. Lancet. 1995 Jul 1;346(8966):26-8. [PubMed: 7603142]
Gaitanis A, Staal S: Liposomal doxorubicin and nab-paclitaxel: nanoparticle cancer chemotherapy in current clinical use. Methods Mol Biol. 2010;624:385-92. doi: 10.1007/978-1-60761-609-2_26. [PubMed: 20217610]
