Phenylacetic acid (CED0003643)

Record Information
Version1.0
Creation Date2014-08-29 05:47:14 UTC
Update Date2026-05-14 19:04:24 UTC
SynCED IDCED0003643
Secondary Accession Numbers
  • CHEM003113
  • T3D4153
Identification
Common NamePhenylacetic acid
ClassSmall Molecule
Description
Phenylacetic acid belongs to the benzene and substituted derivatives, a class of benzenoids within the organic compounds. This endogenous compound has the formula C8H8O2 and an average molecular weight of 136.15 g/mol. At room temperature, it exists as a solid. It serves as a biological toxin, auxin, and metabolite, and it is specifically identified as a human, plant, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Escherichia coli metabolite (PMC5874493). Industrially, the compound is utilized as a fragrance and as a nutrient and flavouring agent. Phenylacetic acid is associated with blood pressure (PMC13319019). Its recorded protein targets include the Organic anion transporter 3 (SLC22A8), Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1 (AKR1B1), and Tyrosine-protein kinase Lck (LCK). The compound is present in polypropylene and is found in 33 recorded sources. These include building and construction materials such as ladders; drinking water and water supply; healthcare, pharmaceuticals, and veterinary products, specifically alimentary tract and metabolism products; food, food processing, and cookware, including food preservation, food contact materials, and the preparation of vinegar, wine, or sparkling wine, as well as fermentation processes for beer; household cleaning and consumer products, such as bleaching agents, perfumes within soaps and detergents, and smoking requisites; and electrical and electronic equipment, including antennas, amplifiers, conductors, and auxiliary devices. Exposure routes for phenylacetic acid include oral, intravenous, inhalation, and touch.
Contaminant Type
  • Food Toxin
  • Industrial/Workplace Toxin
  • Metabolite
  • Natural Compound
  • Organic Compound
  • Uremic Toxin
Chemical Structure
Synonyms
ValueSource
2-PHENYLACETIC ACIDChEBI
2-Phenylethanoic acidChEBI
alpha-Toluic acidChEBI
Benzeneacetic acidChEBI
Benzylformic acidChEBI
Omega-phenylacetic acidChEBI
PAChEBI
PhenylacetateKegg
2-PHENYLACETateGenerator
a-ToluateGenerator
a-Toluic acidGenerator
alpha-ToluateGenerator
Α-toluateGenerator
Α-toluic acidGenerator
BenzeneacetateGenerator
BenzylformateGenerator
Omega-phenylacetateGenerator
PhenylethanoateHMDB
W-PhenylacetateHMDB
W-Phenylacetic acidHMDB
Phenylacetic acid, potassium saltHMDB
Sodium phenylacetateHMDB
Phenylacetic acid, lithium saltHMDB
Phenylacetic acid, sodium saltHMDB
Phenylacetic acid, ammonium saltHMDB
Phenylacetic acid, calcium saltHMDB
Phenylacetic acid, cesium saltHMDB
Phenylacetic acid, mercury saltHMDB
Phenylacetic acid, rubidium saltHMDB
Phenylacetic acid, sodium salt , carboxy-(11)C-labeled CPDHMDB
PAAPhytoBank
ω-Phenylacetic acidPhytoBank
Phenylacetic acidHMDB
Chemical FormulaC8H8O2
Average Molecular Mass136.148 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass136.052 g/mol
CAS Registry Number103-82-2
IUPAC Name2-phenylacetic acid
Traditional Nameω-phenylacetic acid
SMILESOC(=O)CC1=CC=CC=C1
InChI IdentifierInChI=1S/C8H8O2/c9-8(10)6-7-4-2-1-3-5-7/h1-5H,6H2,(H,9,10)
InChI KeyWLJVXDMOQOGPHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as benzene and substituted derivatives. These are aromatic compounds containing one monocyclic ring system consisting of benzene.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassBenzenoids
ClassBenzene and substituted derivatives
Sub ClassNot Available
Direct ParentBenzene and substituted derivatives
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Monocyclic benzene moiety
  • Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
  • Carboxylic acid
  • Carboxylic acid derivative
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Organic oxide
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Carbonyl group
  • Aromatic homomonocyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAromatic homomonocyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Biological Properties
StatusDetected and Not Quantified
OriginEndogenous
Cellular Locations
  • Cytoplasm
  • Extracellular
Biofluid LocationsNot Available
Tissue LocationsNot Available
ApplicationsNot Available
Biological Roles
Chemical RolesNot Available
Organoleptic EffectsNot Available
Physical Properties
StateSolid
AppearanceWhite powder.
Experimental Properties
PropertyValue
Melting Point76.7°C
Boiling Point265.5°C
Solubility16.6 mg/mL
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility3.61 g/LALOGPS
logP1.72ALOGPS
logP1.61ChemAxon
logS-1.6ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)4.55ChemAxon
Physiological Charge-1ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count2ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count1ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area37.3 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count2ChemAxon
Refractivity37.37 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability13.85 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings1ChemAxon
BioavailabilityYesChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterNoChemAxon
Veber's RuleYesChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemAxon
Spectra
Spectra
Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateView
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrumsplash10-0006-9700000000-c07461cdad68959aa53fNot AvailableView Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrumsplash10-0006-9100000000-de65c7c0092343a4e599Not AvailableView Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrumsplash10-0006-9700000000-c07461cdad68959aa53fNot AvailableView Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrumsplash10-0006-9700000000-43e86e45beae2fa6704fNot AvailableView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrumsplash10-0006-9200000000-dc43e5e062b0ed500c5fNot AvailableView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrumsplash10-0006-9100000000-aaef76d181aebe492bbeNot AvailableView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS SpectrumNot AvailableNot AvailableView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS SpectrumNot AvailableNot AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-0006-9100000000-de65c7c0092343a4e599Not AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-0006-9000000000-6ca33b098558bf13801cNot AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-000i-0900000000-f898aafe4cecc87d26f1Not AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-0006-9400000000-aa5bff1d7a8df7c97bdbNot AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-014i-9000000000-6a017c8136a375269f3eNot AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-000i-2900000000-d79f9224f2390d6b17a2Not AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-0006-9000000000-e712b088c9a3d3855ec7Not AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-01ri-9000000000-f0ed89dae2c22d4c538cNot AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-053i-2900000000-3e4bf20b985893f203e7Not AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-000i-1900000000-5419b00a9c7c126093dbNot AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-000i-1900000000-9a2e089c5511fa2bf210Not AvailableView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-00kr-2900000000-94a6f40f937bf9d7e4c7Not AvailableView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-0006-9500000000-8d3540e40bfc0e4c0e5fNot AvailableView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-0006-9000000000-417ad1f13a593ac780b9Not AvailableView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-000l-5900000000-0ed04a623daaf32fffdaNot AvailableView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-000l-8900000000-709928d6b823240d3528Not AvailableView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-00kf-9600000000-4a7739132344f3dec710Not AvailableView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-0006-9000000000-5671d4c535a6553aaf0dNot AvailableView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-0006-9000000000-5671d4c535a6553aaf0dNot AvailableView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-0006-9000000000-5e37e9f4d7b24c763302Not AvailableView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-00kf-9800000000-aacb25995ab02725e0f4Not AvailableView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-0006-9100000000-930a2cbe3e9fb1915075Not AvailableView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-00kf-9000000000-199de8006c0d100aaabbNot AvailableView Spectrum
MSMS Spectrumsplash10-0006-9100000000-1e23fd8e6ce900cd8e4cNot AvailableView Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, D2O, predicted)Not AvailableNot AvailableView Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, D2O, predicted)Not AvailableNot AvailableView Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, H2O, experimental)Not AvailableNot AvailableView Spectrum
Toxicity Profile
Toxicity Values
Toxicity ValueOrganismDose DescriptorRoute of ExposurePredicted or ExperimentalToxicity RatingReference
2592.0 Log mg/kg [1500:4600]RatLD50oralpredictedNot AvailableNot Available
Toxicity / Toxin ClassNot Available
Mechanism of ToxicityUremic toxins such as phenylacetic acid are actively transported into the kidneys via organic ion transporters (especially OAT3). Increased levels of uremic toxins can stimulate the production of reactive oxygen species. This seems to be mediated by the direct binding or inhibition by uremic toxins of the enzyme NADPH oxidase (especially NOX4 which is abundant in the kidneys and heart) (5). Reactive oxygen species can induce several different DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) which are involved in the silencing of a protein known as KLOTHO. KLOTHO has been identified as having important roles in anti-aging, mineral metabolism, and vitamin D metabolism. A number of studies have indicated that KLOTHO mRNA and protein levels are reduced during acute or chronic kidney diseases in response to high local levels of reactive oxygen species (6)
Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification)No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).
Minimum Risk LevelNot Available
SymptomsAs a uremic toxin, this compound can cause uremic syndrome. Uremic syndrome may affect any part of the body and can cause nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and weight loss. It can also cause changes in mental status, such as confusion, reduced awareness, agitation, psychosis, seizures, and coma. Abnormal bleeding, such as bleeding spontaneously or profusely from a very minor injury can also occur. Heart problems, such as an irregular heartbeat, inflammation in the sac that surrounds the heart (pericarditis), and increased pressure on the heart can be seen in patients with uremic syndrome. Shortness of breath from fluid buildup in the space between the lungs and the chest wall (pleural effusion) can also be present.
TreatmentKidney dialysis is usually needed to relieve the symptoms of uremic syndrome until normal kidney function can be restored.
Health Effects
Health EffectRelationshipDirectionReference
blood pressure?associated_withNot AvailablePMC13319019
Exposure Sources
Source IDSourceSectorReference
CEDs000010Insecticides?Insecticides are synthetic chemicals designed to control or eliminate insect pests that threaten crops and other agricultural products.Agriculture & land managementNot Available
CEDs000115Drinking water?Drinking water can be a medium for synthetic chemical contamination, often originating from various industrial processes and agricultural practices.Drinking water & water supplyNot Available
CEDs000272Alimentary tract and metabolism products?Alimentary tract and metabolism products refer to the substances produced during the digestion and metabolic processes of organisms.Healthcare, pharmaceuticals & veterinary productsNot Available
CEDs000490Personal care & cosmeticsNot Available
CEDs000494Food contact materials?Food contact materials refer to substances and products that are intended to come into contact with food during processing, packaging, or preparation.Food, food processing & cookwareNot Available
CEDs000498Ladders?Ladders, commonly used in various construction and maintenance activities, can become a source of synthetic chemical contamination due to the materials and coatings applied during their manufacture and use.Building & ConstructionNot Available
CEDs000505Amplifiers?Amplifiers, commonly used in various electronic devices to enhance signal strength, can be a source of synthetic chemical contamination due to the materials and processes involved in their production and disposal.Electrical & Electronic EquipmentNot Available
CEDs000506Antennas?Antennas, commonly used in communication technologies, can be a source of synthetic chemical contamination through the materials and coatings used in their construction.Electrical & Electronic EquipmentNot Available
CEDs000507Auxiliary Devices?Auxiliary devices, such as capacitors, transformers, and circuit breakers, are integral components in various electronic systems.Electrical & Electronic EquipmentNot Available
CEDs000511Conductors Or Conductive Bodies Characterised By The Conductive Materials?Conductors, or conductive bodies, are materials that allow the flow of electrical current, typically made from metals such as copper, aluminum, or silver.Electrical & Electronic EquipmentNot Available
CEDs000512Contacts?Contacts in electrical and electronic equipment are components that facilitate the flow of electricity between circuits.Electrical & Electronic EquipmentNot Available
CEDs000514Discharge Lamps?Discharge lamps, including fluorescent and high-intensity discharge (HID) lamps, are commonly used for lighting applications due to their energy efficiency and brightness.Electrical & Electronic EquipmentNot Available
CEDs000517Electric Switches?Electric switches, integral components in numerous devices, can be a source of synthetic chemical contamination due to the materials and manufacturing processes involved in their production.Electrical & Electronic EquipmentNot Available
CEDs000518Electrically Stimulated Smoking Devices?Electrically stimulated smoking devices, commonly known as e-cigarettes or vape pens, utilize electrical components to heat a liquid solution, often containing nicotine, flavorings, and other additives, to produce an aerosol for inhalation.Electrical & Electronic EquipmentNot Available
CEDs000519Electrodes?Electrodes, used in various electrical and electronic applications, can be a source of synthetic chemical contamination due to the materials from which they are constructed and the processes involved in their manufacturing.Electrical & Electronic EquipmentNot Available
CEDs000520Emergency Protective Devices?Emergency protective devices, such as circuit breakers and surge protectors, are essential components in electrical systems designed to prevent damage from overcurrent and surges.Electrical & Electronic EquipmentNot Available
CEDs000521Fixed Capacitors And Their Manufacture?Fixed capacitors are passive electronic components used to store and release electrical energy, playing a critical role in various circuits.Electrical & Electronic EquipmentNot Available
CEDs000523Gas Filled Discharge Tubes With Solid Cathode?Gas Filled Discharge Tubes with Solid Cathodes are electrical components that facilitate the flow of current by ionizing gas within a sealed tube.Electrical & Electronic EquipmentNot Available
CEDs000524Hybrid Capacitors?Hybrid capacitors are energy storage devices that combine the properties of electrolytic and supercapacitors, utilizing a combination of electrochemical principles to achieve higher energy density and power density.Electrical & Electronic EquipmentNot Available
CEDs000544Fermentation Processes For Beer?Fermentation processes for beer involve the conversion of sugars into alcohol and carbon dioxide by yeast.Food, food processing & cookwareNot Available
CEDs000545Food Preservation?Food preservation often involves the use of synthetic chemicals, such as preservatives, flavor enhancers, and color additives, to extend shelf life and enhance the sensory qualities of food products.Food, food processing & cookwareNot Available
CEDs000548Preparation Of Vinegar?Vinegar is produced through the fermentation of ethanol by acetic acid bacteria, resulting in a solution that typically contains 4-8% acetic acid.Food, food processing & cookwareNot Available
CEDs000549Preparation Of Wine Or Sparkling Wine?The preparation of wine or sparkling wine involves various stages, including fermentation, aging, and bottling, which can introduce potential sources of synthetic chemical contamination.Food, food processing & cookwareNot Available
CEDs000550Preparation Of Wort?The preparation of wort involves the extraction of sugars from malted grains, a crucial step in the brewing process.Food, food processing & cookwareNot Available
CEDs000552Processing Meats?Processing meats can lead to synthetic chemical contamination primarily through the use of additives and preservatives.Food, food processing & cookwareNot Available
CEDs000555Bleaching Agents?Bleaching agents are chemical substances used to whiten or lighten materials, often employed in various cleaning products for their stain removal and disinfecting properties.Household cleaning & consumer productsNot Available
CEDs000556Cigar Cigarettes?Cigar cigarettes are a source of synthetic chemical contamination due to the combustion of various tobacco blends and additives.Household cleaning & consumer productsNot Available
CEDs000559Non Electric Simulated Smoking Devices?Non-electric simulated smoking devices, often designed to mimic the experience of smoking without combustion, can be sources of synthetic chemical contamination due to the materials and chemicals used in their construction and operation.Household cleaning & consumer productsNot Available
CEDs000560Other Smoking Requisites?Other smoking requisites, including items such as lighters, matches, and rolling papers, can introduce synthetic chemical contamination through various components and additives.Household cleaning & consumer productsNot Available
CEDs000561Perfumes Within Detergents And Soaps?Perfumes within detergents and soaps are synthetic fragrance compounds added to enhance the sensory experience of cleaning products.Household cleaning & consumer productsNot Available
CEDs000562Pipe Accessories?Pipe accessories, such as fittings, connectors, and seals, are components used in plumbing systems to facilitate the flow of liquids and gases.Household cleaning & consumer productsNot Available
CEDs000563Soap Detergents?Soap detergents are synthetic surfactants designed to enhance the cleaning efficacy of water by reducing surface tension, allowing for better interaction with dirt and grease.Household cleaning & consumer productsNot Available
CEDs000566Tobacco Pipes?Tobacco pipes, often made from materials such as plastic, wood, or metal, can serve as sources of synthetic chemical contamination due to the residues left by tobacco products.Household cleaning & consumer productsNot Available
CEDs000567Tobacco Product Cases?Tobacco product cases can serve as a source of synthetic chemical contamination due to the presence of various additives and chemicals used in tobacco processing and product manufacturing.Household cleaning & consumer productsNot Available
CEDs000569Tobacco Smoke Filters?Tobacco smoke filters are designed to reduce the inhalation of harmful substances in cigarette smoke, including tar and other particulate matter.Household cleaning & consumer productsNot Available
CEDs000578Making Cigars?The process of making cigars involves several steps, including the cultivation of tobacco, fermentation, and the application of various additives to enhance flavor and preservation.Industrial manufacturing & chemical processingNot Available
CEDs000579Manufacture Of Iron Or Steel?The manufacture of iron or steel involves various processes, including smelting, refining, and alloying, which can result in the release of synthetic chemicals and contaminants.Industrial manufacturing & chemical processingNot Available
CEDs000580Manufacture Preparation Of Tobacco Products?The manufacture and preparation of tobacco products involve various processes that can result in the introduction of synthetic chemicals into the environment.Industrial manufacturing & chemical processingNot Available
CEDs000581Paper Making Machines?Paper making machines utilize various synthetic chemicals throughout the production process, including additives, coatings, and bleaching agents.Industrial manufacturing & chemical processingNot Available
CEDs000595Ships?Ships, as vehicles for international trade and transportation, can be significant sources of synthetic chemical contamination in marine environments.Marine, shipping & aquacultureNot Available
CEDs000596Acaricides?Acaricides are synthetic chemicals specifically designed to target and control mite populations that can damage crops and plants.Agriculture & land managementNot Available
CEDs000600Herbicides And Algicides?Herbicides and algicides are synthetic chemicals primarily used to control unwanted plants and algae in various environments.Agriculture & land managementNot Available
CEDs000602Molluscicides?Molluscicides are synthetic chemicals specifically designed to control and eliminate mollusks, such as snails and slugs, which can be detrimental to crops and agricultural productivity.Agriculture & land managementNot Available
CEDs000603Nematocides?Nematocides are synthetic chemicals specifically designed to control nematodes, which are microscopic roundworms that can cause significant damage to crops and plants.Agriculture & land managementNot Available
CEDs000604Pest Attractants?Pest attractants are synthetic chemicals designed to lure specific pests for monitoring or control purposes.Agriculture & land managementNot Available
CEDs000605Pest Repellants?Pest repellents, often formulated from synthetic chemicals, are widely used to protect crops from insect infestations and other pests.Agriculture & land managementNot Available
CEDs000606Plant Growth Regulators?Plant Growth Regulators (PGRs) are synthetic chemicals designed to influence the growth and development of plants.Agriculture & land managementNot Available
CEDs000607Rodenticides(1)?Rodenticides are synthetic chemicals specifically formulated to control rodent populations, serving as a crucial tool in managing pests that can damage crops and spread diseases.Agriculture & land managementNot Available
CEDs000608Rodenticides?Rodenticides are chemical substances specifically designed to control rodent populations by causing death through various mechanisms, including anticoagulation or neurotoxicity.Agriculture & land managementNot Available
CEDs000609Aftershave?Aftershave is a grooming product typically used to soothe and protect the skin following shaving.Personal care & cosmeticsNot Available
CEDs000610Aftersun Products?Aftersun products are designed to soothe and hydrate the skin after sun exposure, often containing various synthetic chemicals such as emollients, preservatives, and fragrances.Personal care & cosmeticsNot Available
CEDs000611Anti Perspirants Or Body Deoderants?Antiperspirants and body deodorants commonly contain synthetic chemicals such as aluminum compounds, parabens, and synthetic fragrances.Personal care & cosmeticsNot Available
CEDs000612Body Washing Or Cleaning Implements?Body washing or cleaning implements, such as synthetic sponges, loofahs, and washcloths, can be sources of synthetic chemical contamination due to the materials used in their production.Personal care & cosmeticsNot Available
CEDs000613Depilatories?Depilatories are products designed to remove unwanted hair through the application of synthetic chemicals that break down the protein structure of hair, facilitating its removal.Personal care & cosmeticsNot Available
CEDs000614Essential Oils Or Perfumes?Essential oils and perfumes are complex mixtures of volatile compounds derived from natural or synthetic sources, commonly used for their aromatic properties.Personal care & cosmeticsNot Available
CEDs000615Eye Makeup Products?Eye makeup products, including mascaras, eyeliners, and eyeshadows, often contain a variety of synthetic chemicals such as pigments, preservatives, and film-forming agents.Personal care & cosmeticsNot Available
CEDs000617Lip Care Products?Lip care products, including lipsticks, balms, and glosses, often contain a variety of synthetic chemicals such as parabens, phthalates, and synthetic fragrances.Personal care & cosmeticsNot Available
CEDs000618Lip Makeup Products?Lip makeup products, such as lipsticks, lip glosses, and lip liners, often contain a variety of synthetic chemicals, including pigments, preservatives, and emollients.Personal care & cosmeticsNot Available
CEDs000631Anthraquinone Dyes?Anthraquinone dyes are a class of synthetic organic compounds characterized by their vibrant colors and stability, making them widely used in various applications, particularly in coloring textiles and leather.Textiles, leather & furnishingsNot Available
CEDs000632Apparel?Apparel production often involves the use of various synthetic chemicals, including dyes, finishing agents, and preservatives.Textiles, leather & furnishingsNot Available
CEDs000638Decorating Textiles?Decorating textiles often involves the use of synthetic chemicals such as dyes, finishes, and coatings.Textiles, leather & furnishingsNot Available
CEDs000642Footwear?Footwear production often involves the use of various synthetic chemicals, such as adhesives, dyes, and treatments, which can contribute to environmental contamination.Textiles, leather & furnishingsNot Available
CEDs000652Ropes?Ropes manufactured from synthetic fibers, such as polypropylene, nylon, and polyester, are widely used in various applications, including marine, construction, and outdoor activities.Textiles, leather & furnishingsNot Available
CEDs000655Slide Fasteners?Slide fasteners, commonly known as zippers, are mechanical devices used to join two edges of fabric or other materials.Textiles, leather & furnishingsNot Available
CEDs000657Surface Finishing Of Leather?Surface finishing of leather often involves the use of various synthetic chemicals, including dyes, resins, and finishing agents.Textiles, leather & furnishingsNot Available
CEDs000658Touch Fasteners?Touch fasteners, commonly known as hook-and-loop fasteners, are composed of synthetic materials such as nylon or polyester.Textiles, leather & furnishingsNot Available
CEDs000659Transfer Printing?Transfer printing is a process used to apply designs and patterns onto various substrates, commonly utilizing synthetic dyes and inks that can contain hazardous chemicals.Textiles, leather & furnishingsNot Available
CEDs000662Yarns Or Threads?Yarns or threads used in textiles can be a source of synthetic chemical contamination due to the production processes and treatments they undergo.Textiles, leather & furnishingsNot Available
CEDs000678Nitrogenous Fertilisers?Nitrogenous fertilizers are synthetic chemical compounds primarily used to enhance plant growth by supplying essential nitrogen, a crucial nutrient for photosynthesis and protein synthesis.Agriculture & land managementNot Available
CEDs000679Phosphatic Fertilisers?Phosphatic fertilizers are synthetic chemical products primarily composed of phosphorus, which is essential for plant growth.Agriculture & land managementNot Available
CEDs000685Ceramics?Ceramics can be a source of synthetic chemical contamination through various additives and processing agents used in their production.Building & ConstructionNot Available
CEDs000686Clay Wares?Clay wares are ceramic products made from natural clay, often utilized in various construction applications such as tiles, bricks, and sanitary ware.Building & ConstructionNot Available
CEDs000688Glass Coatings?Glass coatings are synthetic chemical formulations applied to glass surfaces to enhance properties such as durability, UV resistance, and aesthetic appeal.Building & ConstructionNot Available
CEDs000689Glass Fibres?Glass fibres are composed of fine strands of glass, commonly utilized for their tensile strength and lightweight properties.Building & ConstructionNot Available
CEDs000693Silica Glass?Silica glass, primarily composed of silicon dioxide (SiO2), is widely used in various applications, including windows, glass facades, and insulation materials.Building & ConstructionNot Available
CEDs000696Nanotechnology?Nanotechnology involves the manipulation of materials at the molecular or atomic level, typically within the range of 1 to 100 nanometers.Industrial manufacturing & chemical processingNot Available
CEDs000714Embossing Machines?Embossing machines are industrial devices used to create raised patterns or designs on materials, including paper and fiber products.Paper, pulp & fiber productsNot Available
CEDs000727Printing Machines Or Presses?Printing machines or presses commonly utilize synthetic chemicals such as inks, solvents, and cleaning agents.Paper, pulp & fiber productsNot Available
CEDs000734Coating Compositions?Coating compositions, which include paints, sealants, and varnishes, are formulated with a variety of synthetic chemicals such as solvents, resins, pigments, and additives.Building & ConstructionNot Available
CEDs000735Explosives?Explosives are chemical compounds or mixtures designed to undergo rapid decomposition, releasing energy in the form of gas and heat.Defense & military infrastructureNot Available
CEDs000737Chemical Igniters?Chemical igniters are substances or devices designed to initiate combustion in various applications, often found in products like lighters, candles, and certain household cleaning agents.Household itemsNot Available
CEDs000739Inks?Inks are complex mixtures composed of pigments or dyes, solvents, resins, and additives used primarily for printing and writing applications.Paper, pulp & fiber productsNot Available
CEDs000740Paper?Paper production involves the processing of wood fibers and the use of various chemicals, which can lead to synthetic chemical contamination.Paper, pulp & fiber productsNot Available
CEDs000741Pigment Pastes?Pigment pastes are concentrated dispersions of pigments used to impart color and properties to materials.Paper, pulp & fiber productsNot Available
CEDs000742Leather Tanning?Leather tanning is a process that transforms raw animal hides into durable leather through the application of various chemicals, including chromium salts, aldehydes, and vegetable tannins.Textiles, leather & furnishingsNot Available
CEDs000743Sludge Treatment?Sludge treatment involves the processing of waste materials generated from wastewater treatment plants, which often contain a variety of organic and inorganic substances.Wastewater, sanitation & biosolidsNot Available
CEDs000744Water, Wastewater, & Sewage Treatment?Water, wastewater, and sewage treatment processes are critical for managing and mitigating pollutants in water systems.Wastewater, sanitation & biosolidsNot Available
Pathways
7 pathwaysPathway Source: PathBank
Targets
StructureProteinUniProt IDOrganismRelationshipDetails
Click to view 3D structureMast cell carboxypeptidase AP15088HumansPredicted (SEA)
Prediction Confidence Score
0.449
Applicability Domain
0.464
Statistical Significance
9.00e-05
Supporting Reference Compounds
2
E-value
0.700643
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1 structureClick to view 3D structureProstaglandin G/H synthase 1P23219HumansPredicted (SEA)
Prediction Confidence Score
0.428
Applicability Domain
0.727
Statistical Significance
8.90e-04
Supporting Reference Compounds
136
E-value
6.92858
Carbonic anhydrase 2 structureClick to view 3D structureCarbonic anhydrase 2Q3I4V7Cryptococcus neoformansPredicted (SEA)
Prediction Confidence Score
0.412
Applicability Domain
0.636
Statistical Significance
5.10e-04
Supporting Reference Compounds
60
E-value
3.97031
Carbonic anhydrase structureClick to view 3D structureCarbonic anhydraseQ5AJ71Candida albicans (strain SC5314 / ATCC MYA-2876) (Yeast)Predicted (SEA)
Prediction Confidence Score
0.411
Applicability Domain
0.636
Statistical Significance
7.40e-04
Supporting Reference Compounds
68
E-value
5.76084
Protein deacetylase HDAC6 structureClick to view 3D structureProtein deacetylase HDAC6Q9UBN7HumansPredicted (SEA)
Prediction Confidence Score
0.387
Applicability Domain
0.583
Statistical Significance
0.0108
Supporting Reference Compounds
553
E-value
84.155
Carboxypeptidase A1 structureClick to view 3D structureCarboxypeptidase A1P00730Bos taurusPredicted (SEA)
Prediction Confidence Score
0.386
Applicability Domain
0.464
Statistical Significance
8.00e-05
Supporting Reference Compounds
9
E-value
0.622794
Carbonic anhydrase 2 structureClick to view 3D structureCarbonic anhydrase 2P00918HumansPredicted (SEA)
Prediction Confidence Score
0.382
Applicability Domain
0.448
Statistical Significance
0.0099
Supporting Reference Compounds
472
E-value
76.8372
Click to view 3D structureGamma-hydroxybutyrate receptorQ6RY99Rattus norvegicusPredicted (SEA)
Prediction Confidence Score
0.378
Applicability Domain
0.5
Statistical Significance
3.00e-05
Supporting Reference Compounds
2
E-value
0.233548
Click to view 3D structureDNA helicase IVP15038Escherichia coli K-12Predicted (SEA)
Prediction Confidence Score
0.375
Applicability Domain
0.375
Statistical Significance
7.00e-05
Supporting Reference Compounds
1
E-value
0.544945
Click to view 3D structureNeprilysinP07861Rattus norvegicusPredicted (SEA)
Prediction Confidence Score
0.364
Applicability Domain
0.382
Statistical Significance
0.0024
Supporting Reference Compounds
38
E-value
18.606
Click to view 3D structureAminodeoxyfutalosine synthaseQ5SK48Thermus thermophilus (strain HB8 / ATCC 27634 / DSM 579)Predicted (SEA)
Prediction Confidence Score
0.364
Applicability Domain
0.364
Statistical Significance
1.80e-04
Supporting Reference Compounds
1
E-value
1.40129
Neprilysin structureClick to view 3D structureNeprilysinP08473HumansPredicted (SEA)
Prediction Confidence Score
0.362
Applicability Domain
0.382
Statistical Significance
0.0028
Supporting Reference Compounds
51
E-value
21.5642
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1 structureClick to view 3D structureAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1P15121HumansPredicted (SEA)
Prediction Confidence Score
0.362
Applicability Domain
0.542
Statistical Significance
0.0026
Supporting Reference Compounds
84
E-value
20.0851
Carbonic anhydrase 12 structureClick to view 3D structureCarbonic anhydrase 12O43570HumansPredicted (SEA)
Prediction Confidence Score
0.358
Applicability Domain
0.4
Statistical Significance
0.0108
Supporting Reference Compounds
332
E-value
84.3886
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit alpha structureClick to view 3D structureCalcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit alphaP11275Rattus norvegicusPredicted (SEA)
Prediction Confidence Score
0.358
Applicability Domain
0.542
Statistical Significance
6.00e-05
Supporting Reference Compounds
6
E-value
0.467095
Neprilysin structureClick to view 3D structureNeprilysinP08049Oryctolagus cuniculusPredicted (SEA)
Prediction Confidence Score
0.354
Applicability Domain
0.371
Statistical Significance
0.0041
Supporting Reference Compounds
34
E-value
31.996
Carbonic anhydrase 1 structureClick to view 3D structureCarbonic anhydrase 1P00915HumansPredicted (SEA)
Prediction Confidence Score
0.353
Applicability Domain
0.4
Statistical Significance
0.014
Supporting Reference Compounds
407
E-value
108.911
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2 structureClick to view 3D structureProstaglandin G/H synthase 2Q05769Mus musculusPredicted (SEA)
Prediction Confidence Score
0.353
Applicability Domain
0.406
Statistical Significance
0.001
Supporting Reference Compounds
43
E-value
8.09632
Click to view 3D structurePolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseP12527Rattus norvegicusPredicted (SEA)
Prediction Confidence Score
0.352
Applicability Domain
0.583
Statistical Significance
0.0027
Supporting Reference Compounds
78
E-value
21.0193
Carbonic anhydrase 7 structureClick to view 3D structureCarbonic anhydrase 7P43166HumansPredicted (SEA)
Prediction Confidence Score
0.352
Applicability Domain
0.4
Statistical Significance
0.0081
Supporting Reference Compounds
242
E-value
63.0579
Click to view 3D structureCarbonic anhydrase 5A, mitochondrialP35218HumansPredicted (SEA)
Prediction Confidence Score
0.352
Applicability Domain
0.4
Statistical Significance
0.0057
Supporting Reference Compounds
165
E-value
44.4519
Click to view 3D structurePeptidyl-glycine alpha-amidating monooxygenaseP19021HumansPredicted (SEA)
Prediction Confidence Score
0.351
Applicability Domain
0.351
Statistical Significance
0.0014
Supporting Reference Compounds
1
E-value
10.8989
Click to view 3D structureGlutamyl aminopeptidaseP16406Mus musculusPredicted (SEA)
Prediction Confidence Score
0.351
Applicability Domain
0.351
Statistical Significance
2.60e-04
Supporting Reference Compounds
1
E-value
2.02408
Carboxypeptidase A1 structureClick to view 3D structureCarboxypeptidase A1P15085HumansPredicted (SEA)
Prediction Confidence Score
0.346
Applicability Domain
0.464
Statistical Significance
0.0012
Supporting Reference Compounds
13
E-value
9.57545
p-hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase structureClick to view 3D structurep-hydroxybenzoate hydroxylaseP00438Pseudomonas fluorescensPredicted (SEA)
Prediction Confidence Score
0.343
Applicability Domain
0.343
Statistical Significance
0.0012
Supporting Reference Compounds
1
E-value
9.57545
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1 structureClick to view 3D structureAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1P15121HumansKnownNot Available
Tyrosine-protein kinase Lck structureClick to view 3D structureTyrosine-protein kinase LckP06239HumansKnownNot Available
Click to view 3D structureOrganic anion transporter 3Q8TCC7HumansKnownNot Available
Concentrations
Not Available
External Links
DrugBank IDDB09269
HMDB IDHMDB0000209
FooDB IDFDB031100
Phenol Explorer IDNot Available
KNApSAcK IDC00000750
BiGG ID1486426
BioCyc IDPHENYLACETATE
METLIN ID129
PDB IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkPhenylacetic_acid
Chemspider ID10181341
ChEBI ID30745
PubChem Compound ID999
Kegg Compound IDC07086
YMDB IDYMDB00891
ECMDB IDECMDB21416
References
Synthesis ReferenceZhou, Shu-jing; Li, Jin-lian; Luan, Fang. New synthetic method for benzeneacetic acid. Huaxue Yu Shengwu Gongcheng (2005), 22(2), 43-44.
MSDSLink
General References
  1. Duranton F, Cohen G, De Smet R, Rodriguez M, Jankowski J, Vanholder R, Argiles A: Normal and pathologic concentrations of uremic toxins. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012 Jul;23(7):1258-70. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2011121175. Epub 2012 May 24. [PubMed: 22626821]
  2. Ostergaard J, Larsen C: Bioreversible derivatives of phenol. 2. Reactivity of carbonate esters with fatty acid-like structures towards hydrolysis in aqueous solutions. Molecules. 2007 Oct 30;12(10):2396-412. [PubMed: 17978765]
  3. Lorentz K, Flatter B, Augustin E: Arylesterase in serum: elaboration and clinical application of a fixed-incubation method. Clin Chem. 1979 Oct;25(10):1714-20. [PubMed: 476920]
  4. Sabelli HC, Fawcett J, Gusovsky F, Javaid J, Edwards J, Jeffriess H: Urinary phenyl acetate: a diagnostic test for depression? Science. 1983 Jun 10;220(4602):1187-8. [PubMed: 6857245]
  5. Schulz AM, Terne C, Jankowski V, Cohen G, Schaefer M, Boehringer F, Tepel M, Kunkel D, Zidek W, Jankowski J: Modulation of NADPH oxidase activity by known uraemic retention solutes. Eur J Clin Invest. 2014 Aug;44(8):802-11. doi: 10.1111/eci.12297. [PubMed: 25041433]
  6. Young GH, Wu VC: KLOTHO methylation is linked to uremic toxins and chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2012 Apr;81(7):611-2. doi: 10.1038/ki.2011.461. [PubMed: 22419041]
  7. Jankowski J, van der Giet M, Jankowski V, Schmidt S, Hemeier M, Mahn B, Giebing G, Tolle M, Luftmann H, Schluter H, Zidek W, Tepel M: Increased plasma phenylacetic acid in patients with end-stage renal failure inhibits iNOS expression. J Clin Invest. 2003 Jul;112(2):256-64. [PubMed: 12865413]
  8. Pontoni G, Rotondo F, Spagnuolo G, Aurino MT, Carteni-Farina M, Zappia V, Lama G: Diagnosis and follow-up of cystinuria: use of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Amino Acids. 2000;19(2):469-76. [PubMed: 11128553]
  9. Rubin A, Knadler MP, Ho PP, Bechtol LD, Wolen RL: Stereoselective inversion of (R)-fenoprofen to (S)-fenoprofen in humans. J Pharm Sci. 1985 Jan;74(1):82-4. [PubMed: 3920382]
  10. Davis BA, Kennedy SH, D'Souza J, Durden DA, Goldbloom DS, Boulton AA: Correlations of plasma and urinary phenylacetic acid and phenylethylamine concentrations with eating behavior and mood rating scores in brofaromine-treated women with bulimia nervosa. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 1994 Jul;19(4):282-8. [PubMed: 7918350]
  11. Silvennoinen R, Malminiemi K, Malminiemi O, Seppala E, Vilpo J: Pharmacokinetics of chlorambucil in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: comparison of different days, cycles and doses. Pharmacol Toxicol. 2000 Nov;87(5):223-8. [PubMed: 11129502]