Ketoleucine (CHEM003386)

Record Information
Version1.0
Creation Date2014-08-29 06:51:13 UTC
Update Date2026-05-14 17:48:47 UTC
Accession NumberCHEM003386
Identification
Common NameKetoleucine
ClassSmall Molecule
Description
Ketoleucine is a metabolite that accumulates in Maple Syrup Urine Disease (MSUD) and shown to compromise brain energy metabolism by blocking the respiratory chain; this is of relevance to the understanding of the pathophysiology of the neurological dysfunction of MSUD patients. (1).
Contaminant Sources
  • EAFUS Chemicals
  • FooDB Chemicals
  • HMDB Contaminants - Feces
  • HMDB Contaminants - Urine
  • T3DB toxins
Contaminant Type
  • Animal Toxin
  • Food Toxin
  • Metabolite
  • Natural Compound
  • Organic Compound
Chemical Structure
MOLSDFPDBSMILESInChI
Synonyms
ValueSource
2-oxo-4-METHYLPENTANOIC ACIDChEBI
2-OxoisocaproateChEBI
4-Methyl-2-oxopentanoateChEBI
4-Methyl-2-oxovaleric acidChEBI
alpha-Ketoisocaproic acidChEBI
2-oxo-4-METHYLPENTANOateGenerator
2-Oxoisocaproic acidGenerator
4-Methyl-2-oxopentanoic acidGenerator
4-Methyl-2-oxovalerateGenerator
a-KetoisocaproateGenerator
a-Ketoisocaproic acidGenerator
alpha-KetoisocaproateGenerator
Α-ketoisocaproateGenerator
Α-ketoisocaproic acidGenerator
2-Keto-4-methylvalerateHMDB
2-Keto-4-methylvaleric acidHMDB
2-KetoisocaproateHMDB
2-Ketoisocaproic acidHMDB
2-oxo-4-MethylvalerateHMDB
2-oxo-4-Methylvaleric acidHMDB
2-OxoleucineHMDB
4-Methyl-2-oxo-valerateHMDB
4-Methyl-2-oxo-valeric acidHMDB
a-KetoisocapronateHMDB
a-Ketoisocapronic acidHMDB
a-OxoisocaproateHMDB
a-Oxoisocaproic acidHMDB
alpha-Keto-isocaproateHMDB
alpha-Keto-isocaproic acidHMDB
alpha-KetoisocapronateHMDB
alpha-Ketoisocapronic acidHMDB
alpha-OxoisocaproateHMDB
alpha-Oxoisocaproic acidHMDB
KetoisocaproateHMDB
Ketoisocaproic acidHMDB
MethyloxovalerateHMDB
Methyloxovaleric acidHMDB
OxoisocaproateHMDB
Oxoisocaproic acidHMDB
Keto-leucineHMDB
Chemical FormulaC6H10O3
Average Molecular Mass130.142 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass130.063 g/mol
CAS Registry Number816-66-0
IUPAC Name4-methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid
Traditional Nameketoisocaproate
SMILESCC(C)CC(=O)C(O)=O
InChI IdentifierInChI=1S/C6H10O3/c1-4(2)3-5(7)6(8)9/h4H,3H2,1-2H3,(H,8,9)
InChI KeyBKAJNAXTPSGJCU-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as short-chain keto acids and derivatives. These are keto acids with an alkyl chain the contains less than 6 carbon atoms.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassOrganic acids and derivatives
ClassKeto acids and derivatives
Sub ClassShort-chain keto acids and derivatives
Direct ParentShort-chain keto acids and derivatives
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Branched fatty acid
  • Methyl-branched fatty acid
  • Short-chain keto acid
  • Alpha-keto acid
  • Fatty acyl
  • Alpha-hydroxy ketone
  • Ketone
  • Carboxylic acid derivative
  • Carboxylic acid
  • Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
  • Carbonyl group
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Organic oxide
  • Aliphatic acyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAliphatic acyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Biological Properties
StatusDetected and Not Quantified
OriginEndogenous
Cellular Locations
  • Cytoplasm
  • Extracellular
  • Membrane
  • Mitochondria
Biofluid LocationsNot Available
Tissue Locations
  • Muscle
  • Neuron
  • Prostate
Pathways
NameSMPDB LinkKEGG Link
Valine, Leucine and Isoleucine DegradationSMP00032 map00280
Maple Syrup Urine DiseaseSMP00199 Not Available
ApplicationsNot Available
Biological Roles
Chemical RolesNot Available
Physical Properties
StateLiquid
AppearanceNot Available
Experimental Properties
PropertyValue
Melting Point8 - 10°C
Boiling PointNot Available
Solubility32 mg/mL
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility6.76 g/LALOGPS
logP0.82ALOGPS
logP1.5ChemAxon
logS-1.3ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)3.53ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)-9.7ChemAxon
Physiological Charge-1ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count3ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count1ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area54.37 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count3ChemAxon
Refractivity31.77 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability13 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings0ChemAxon
BioavailabilityYesChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterNoChemAxon
Veber's RuleNoChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemAxon
Spectra
Spectra
Toxicity Profile
Route of ExposureNot Available
Mechanism of ToxicityKetoleucine is a metabolite that accumulates in Maple Syrup Urine Disease (MSUD) and shown to compromise brain energy metabolism by blocking the respiratory chain.
MetabolismNot Available
Toxicity ValuesNot Available
Lethal DoseNot Available
Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification)No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).
Uses/SourcesThis is an endogenously produced metabolite found in the human body. It is used in metabolic reactions, catabolic reactions or waste generation.
Minimum Risk LevelNot Available
Health EffectsChronically high levels of keto-leucine are associated with Maple Syrup Urine Disease.
SymptomsNot Available
TreatmentNot Available
Concentrations
Not Available
External Links
DrugBank IDDB03229
HMDB IDHMDB0000695
FooDB IDFDB030510
Phenol Explorer IDNot Available
KNApSAcK IDC00019677
BiGG ID34334
BioCyc ID2K-4CH3-PENTANOATE
METLIN ID5663
PDB IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkNot Available
Chemspider ID69
ChEBI ID48430
PubChem Compound ID70
Kegg Compound IDC00233
YMDB IDYMDB00388
ECMDB IDECMDB00695
References
Synthesis ReferenceNot Available
MSDSLink
General References
1. Tabuchi, Takeshi; Abe, Matazo. Fermentative preparation of a-ketoisocaproic acid. Jpn. Tokkyo Koho (1970), 3 pp.
2. Tabuchi, Takeshi; Abe, Matazo. Fermentative preparation of a-ketoisocaproic acid. Jpn. Tokkyo Koho (1970), 3 pp.
3. Chow LS, Albright RC, Bigelow ML, Toffolo G, Cobelli C, Nair KS: Mechanism of insulin's anabolic effect on muscle: measurements of muscle protein synthesis and breakdown using aminoacyl-tRNA and other surrogate measures. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Oct;291(4):E729-36. Epub 2006 May 16.
4. Wang Y, Holmes E, Nicholson JK, Cloarec O, Chollet J, Tanner M, Singer BH, Utzinger J: Metabonomic investigations in mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni: an approach for biomarker identification. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Aug 24;101(34):12676-81. Epub 2004 Aug 16.
5. Mitch WE, Walser M, Sapir DG: Nitrogen sparing induced by leucine compared with that induced by its keto analogue, alpha-ketoisocaproate, in fasting obese man. J Clin Invest. 1981 Feb;67(2):553-62.
6. Sgaravatti AM, Rosa RB, Schuck PF, Ribeiro CA, Wannmacher CM, Wyse AT, Dutra-Filho CS, Wajner M: Inhibition of brain energy metabolism by the alpha-keto acids accumulating in maple syrup urine disease. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2003 Nov 20;1639(3):232-8.
7. Yudkoff M, Daikhin Y, Nissim I, Horyn O, Luhovyy B, Lazarow A, Nissim I: Brain amino acid requirements and toxicity: the example of leucine. J Nutr. 2005 Jun;135(6 Suppl):1531S-8S.
8. Schadewaldt P, Hammen HW, Ott AC, Wendel U: Renal clearance of branched-chain L-amino and 2-oxo acids in maple syrup urine disease. J Inherit Metab Dis. 1999 Aug;22(6):706-22.
9. Hachey DL, Patterson BW, Reeds PJ, Elsas LJ: Isotopic determination of organic keto acid pentafluorobenzyl esters in biological fluids by negative chemical ionization gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Anal Chem. 1991 May 1;63(9):919-23.
10. Sreekumar A, Poisson LM, Rajendiran TM, Khan AP, Cao Q, Yu J, Laxman B, Mehra R, Lonigro RJ, Li Y, Nyati MK, Ahsan A, Kalyana-Sundaram S, Han B, Cao X, Byun J, Omenn GS, Ghosh D, Pennathur S, Alexander DC, Berger A, Shuster JR, Wei JT, Varambally S, Beecher C, Chinnaiyan AM: Metabolomic profiles delineate potential role for sarcosine in prostate cancer progression. Nature. 2009 Feb 12;457(7231):910-4. doi: 10.1038/nature07762.
11. Martin PM, Gopal E, Ananth S, Zhuang L, Itagaki S, Prasad BM, Smith SB, Prasad PD, Ganapathy V: Identity of SMCT1 (SLC5A8) as a neuron-specific Na+-coupled transporter for active uptake of L-lactate and ketone bodies in the brain. J Neurochem. 2006 Jul;98(1):279-88.
12. Elshenawy S, Pinney SE, Stuart T, Doulias PT, Zura G, Parry S, Elovitz MA, Bennett MJ, Bansal A, Strauss JF 3rd, Ischiropoulos H, Simmons RA: The Metabolomic Signature of the Placenta in Spontaneous Preterm Birth. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Feb 4;21(3). pii: ijms21031043. doi: 10.3390/ijms21031043.
13. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=14636955
14. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=22770225