Protoporphyrin IX (CED0002629)

Record Information

Version

1.0

Creation Date

2014-08-29 06:51:17 UTC

Update Date

2026-08-22 11:27:51 UTC

SynCED ID

CED0002629

Secondary Accession Numbers

CHEM003400
T3D4440

Identification

Common Name

Protoporphyrin IX

Class

Small Molecule

Description

Protoporphyrin IX belongs to the porphyrins, a subclass of tetrapyrroles and derivatives within the organic compounds. With an average molecular weight of 562.66 g/mol, Protoporphyrin IX is a heavy molecule. This endogenous organic compound, with the formula C34H34N4O4, exists as a solid at room temperature. Biologically, it functions as a metabolite and serves as a photosensitizing agent. Within the body, it is detected in various tissues, including the liver, kidney, spleen, bladder, urinary bladder, gastrointestinal tract, intestine, skin, stratum corneum, adrenal medulla, thyroid gland, testes, adipose tissue, erythrocyte, platelet, lymphocyte, T-lymphocyte, and fibroblasts. It acts as an inhibitor of the protein targets Ferritin light chain (FTL) and Hematopoietic prostaglandin D synthase (HPGDS). Protoporphyrin IX is recorded in several environmental and commercial sources. These include electrical and electronic equipment such as antennas, discharge lamps, electric switches, conductive bodies characterized by conductive materials, and auxiliary devices. In building and construction, it is found in tents, canopies, and sunshades, awnings or outside screens. It is also detected in household cleaning and consumer products, specifically tobacco smoke filters, tobacco product cases, and perfumes within detergents and soaps. Additionally, it is associated with food and food processing, including food preservation and the preparation of wine or sparkling wine.

Contaminant Type

Animal Toxin
Drug
Food Toxin
Metabolite
Natural Compound
Organic Compound

Chemical Structure

MOL SDF PDB SMILES InChI

Synonyms

Value	Source
3,3'-(3,7,12,17-Tetramethyl-8,13-divinyl-21H,23H-porphine-2,18-diyl)-bis-propionic acid	ChEBI
3,7,12,17-Tetramethyl-8,13-divinylporphyrin-2,18-dipropanoic acid	ChEBI
H2PpIX	ChEBI
Kammerer's prophyrin	ChEBI
Ooporphyrin	ChEBI
Porphyrinogen IX	ChEBI
3,3'-(3,7,12,17-Tetramethyl-8,13-divinyl-21H,23H-porphine-2,18-diyl)-bis-propionate	Generator
3,7,12,17-Tetramethyl-8,13-divinylporphyrin-2,18-dipropanoate	Generator
3,3'-(3,7,12,17-Tetramethyl-8,13-divinylporphine-2,18-diyl)di	HMDB
PpIX	HMDB
Protoporphyrin	HMDB
Protoporphyrin-"ix"	HMDB
Protoporphyrin-IX	HMDB

Chemical Formula

C₃₄H₃₄N₄O₄

Average Molecular Mass

562.658 g/mol

Monoisotopic Mass

562.258 g/mol

CAS Registry Number

553-12-8

IUPAC Name

3-[20-(2-carboxyethyl)-9,14-diethenyl-5,10,15,19-tetramethyl-21,22,23,24-tetraazapentacyclo[16.2.1.1^{3,6}.1^{8,11}.1^{13,16}]tetracosa-1(21),2,4,6,8(23),9,11,13,15,17,19-undecaen-4-yl]propanoic acid

Traditional Name

3-[20-(2-carboxyethyl)-9,14-diethenyl-5,10,15,19-tetramethyl-21,22,23,24-tetraazapentacyclo[16.2.1.1^{3,6}.1^{8,11}.1^{13,16}]tetracosa-1(21),2,4,6,8(23),9,11,13,15,17,19-undecaen-4-yl]propanoic acid

SMILES

CC1=C(CCC(O)=O)/C2=C/C3=N/C(=C\C4=C(C)C(C=C)=C(N4)/C=C4\N=C(\C=C\1/N\2)C(C=C)=C4C)/C(C)=C3CCC(O)=O

InChI Identifier

InChI=1S/C34H34N4O4/c1-7-21-17(3)25-13-26-19(5)23(9-11-33(39)40)31(37-26)16-32-24(10-12-34(41)42)20(6)28(38-32)15-30-22(8-2)18(4)27(36-30)14-29(21)35-25/h7-8,13-16,35,38H,1-2,9-12H2,3-6H3,(H,39,40)(H,41,42)/b25-13-,26-13-,27-14-,28-15-,29-14-,30-15-,31-16-,32-16-

InChI Key

KSFOVUSSGSKXFI-UJJXFSCMSA-N

Chemical Taxonomy

Description

Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as porphyrins. Porphyrins are compounds containing a fundamental skeleton of four pyrrole nuclei united through the alpha-positions by four methine groups to form a macrocyclic structure.

Kingdom

Organic compounds

Super Class

Organoheterocyclic compounds

Class

Tetrapyrroles and derivatives

Sub Class

Porphyrins

Direct Parent

Porphyrins

Alternative Parents

Not Available

Substituents

Not Available

Molecular Framework

Not Available

External Descriptors

Not Available

Biological Properties

Status

Detected and Not Quantified

Origin

Endogenous

Cellular Locations

Cytoplasm
Membrane
Mitochondria

Biofluid Locations

Not Available

Tissue Locations

Adipose Tissue
Adrenal Medulla
Bladder
Erythrocyte
Fibroblasts
Gastrointestinal Tract
Intestine
Kidney
Liver
Lymphocyte
Platelet
Skin
Spleen
Stratum Corneum
T-Lymphocyte
Testes
Thyroid Gland
Urinary Bladder

Applications

photosensitizing agent

Biological Roles

metabolite ?A chemical produced during metabolism process, as an intermediate or end-product
hepatotoxic agent (PMC4018097 )?A role played by a chemical compound exihibiting itself through the ability to induce damage to the liver in animals.
antioxidant (PMC2847059 , PMC4788452 )?
chelator (PMC4027794 )?

Chemical Roles

Not Available

Organoleptic Effects

meat colour ?
reddish pigmentation colour ?

Physical Properties

State

Solid

Appearance

White powder.

Experimental Properties

Property	Value
Melting Point	300°C
Boiling Point	Not Available
Solubility	0.169 mg/mL at 25°C

Predicted Properties

Property	Value	Source
Water Solubility	0.022 g/L	ALOGPS
logP	4.4	ALOGPS
logP	6.78	ChemAxon
logS	-4.4	ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)	3.68	ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)	4.96	ChemAxon
Physiological Charge	-2	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count	6	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count	4	ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area	131.96 Å²	ChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count	8	ChemAxon
Refractivity	163.81 m³·mol⁻¹	ChemAxon
Polarizability	66.03 Å³	ChemAxon
Number of Rings	5	ChemAxon
Bioavailability	No	ChemAxon
Rule of Five	No	ChemAxon
Ghose Filter	No	ChemAxon
Veber's Rule	No	ChemAxon
MDDR-like Rule	Yes	ChemAxon

Spectra

Spectrum Type	Description	Splash Key	Deposition Date	View
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum	splash10-0uxu-1000290000-e22236fe3cca8eed1ecf	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum	splash10-00di-6000094000-b9c12952e100c5144cab	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum	Not Available	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum	Not Available	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum	Not Available	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum	Not Available	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum	Not Available	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum	Not Available	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum	Not Available	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum	Not Available	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum	Not Available	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum	Not Available	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum	Not Available	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum	Not Available	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum	Not Available	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum	Not Available	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum	Not Available	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum	Not Available	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum	Not Available	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum	Not Available	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum	Not Available	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum	Not Available	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum	Not Available	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-0002-0000090000-5d5be53410134c5719ab	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-00kb-1000590000-2d4157b9f73534d95a9c	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-0a4l-1000910000-07524a9291a1921dfafc	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-03di-0000090000-5df26c1cfb9a0b16a91a	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-0296-1000190000-2d4bcb49201fc10adc09	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-0a4l-9000230000-064fb944a966d08c06bf	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-03di-0000090000-87c1740ecd1a28f4a2d9	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-03xu-0000590000-99160b987bb7e62ab362	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-00di-0000900000-f2d9118441a9c8c47d79	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-03dj-0000090000-d428ac6dc2fc4794cc41	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-0j4j-0000090000-2b065966ec57bb97d511	Not Available	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum	splash10-0uk9-1000970000-b435817e4dc349e65ab3	Not Available	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, H₂O, predicted)	Not Available	Not Available	View Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, H₂O, predicted)	Not Available	Not Available	View Spectrum

Toxicity Profile

Toxicity Values

Toxicity Value	Organism	Dose Descriptor	Route of Exposure	Predicted or Experimental	Toxicity Rating	Reference
709.0 Log mg/kg [400:1300]	Rat	LD50	oral	predicted	Not Available	Not Available

Toxicity / Toxin Class

Not Available

Mechanism of Toxicity

Not Available

Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification)

No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).

Minimum Risk Level

Not Available

Symptoms

Not Available

Treatment

Not Available

Health Effects

Health Effect	Relationship	Direction	Description	Reference
lung cancer	Not Available	Not Available	A respiratory system cancer that is located in the lung. (DO)	PMC12310484
cancer	Is Biomarker Of	Not Available	Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. Possible signs and symptoms include a lump, abnormal bleeding, prolonged cough, unexplained weight loss, and a change in bowel movements. There are over 100 types of cancers affect humans. The risk of developing certain cancers can be reduced by not smoking, maintaining a healthy weight, not drinking too much alcohol, eating plenty of vegetables, fruits and whole grains, vaccination against certain infectious diseases, not eating too much processed and red meat and avoiding too much sunlight exposure. Cancer is often treated with some combination of radiation therapy, surgery, chemotherapy and targeted therapy. The majority of cancers, some 90–95% of cases, are due to genetic mutations from environmental and lifestyle factors. The remaining 5–10% are due to inherited genetics.	PMC12564959
cancer	Not Available	Not Available	Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. Possible signs and symptoms include a lump, abnormal bleeding, prolonged cough, unexplained weight loss, and a change in bowel movements. There are over 100 types of cancers affect humans. The risk of developing certain cancers can be reduced by not smoking, maintaining a healthy weight, not drinking too much alcohol, eating plenty of vegetables, fruits and whole grains, vaccination against certain infectious diseases, not eating too much processed and red meat and avoiding too much sunlight exposure. Cancer is often treated with some combination of radiation therapy, surgery, chemotherapy and targeted therapy. The majority of cancers, some 90–95% of cases, are due to genetic mutations from environmental and lifestyle factors. The remaining 5–10% are due to inherited genetics.	PMC10865478
cholestasis	Associated With?	Not Available	Impairment of the bile flow caused by obstruction within the liver, or outside the liver in the bile duct system.	PMC13109850
Cholangitis	Associated With?	decrease	Not Available	PMC4788452
porphyria	Associated With?	Not Available	A group of inherited metabolic disorders which involve certain enzymes in the heme bio-synthetic pathway resulting in the overproduction and accumulation of the porphyrins. (DO)	PMC6884552
urinary bladder cancer	Is Biomarker Of	Not Available	Not Available	PMC12564959
erythropoietic protoporphyria	Associated With?	Not Available	Not Available	PMC8356643
light sensitivity	Associated With?	Not Available	Not Available	PMC8356643
acute cholangitis	Associated With?	increase	Not Available	PMC4788452

Exposure Sources

Source ID	Source	Sector	Reference
CEDs000010	Insecticides?Insecticides are synthetic chemicals designed to control or eliminate insect pests that threaten crops and other agricultural products.	Agriculture & land management	PubChem
CEDs000233	Brushes?Brushes used in personal care and cosmetics can be a source of synthetic chemical contamination due to the materials and coatings used in their manufacturing.	Personal care & cosmetics	PubChem
CEDs000501	Sunshades Awnings Or Outside Screens?Sunshades, awnings, and outside screens are often constructed using synthetic materials such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyester, or acrylic fabrics.	Building & Construction	PubChem
CEDs000502	Sunshades Awnings Or Outside Screens?Sunshades, awnings, and outside screens are commonly used in construction to enhance energy efficiency and provide shade.	Building & Construction	PubChem
CEDs000503	Tents Or Canopies?Tents and canopies used in various applications can be a source of synthetic chemical contamination primarily due to the materials from which they are made.	Building & Construction	PubChem
CEDs000506	Antennas?Antennas, commonly used in communication technologies, can be a source of synthetic chemical contamination through the materials and coatings used in their construction.	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	PubChem
CEDs000507	Auxiliary Devices?Auxiliary devices, such as capacitors, transformers, and circuit breakers, are integral components in various electronic systems.	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	PubChem
CEDs000511	Conductors Or Conductive Bodies Characterised By The Conductive Materials?Conductors, or conductive bodies, are materials that allow the flow of electrical current, typically made from metals such as copper, aluminum, or silver.	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	PubChem
CEDs000514	Discharge Lamps?Discharge lamps, including fluorescent and high-intensity discharge (HID) lamps, are commonly used for lighting applications due to their energy efficiency and brightness.	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	PubChem
CEDs000517	Electric Switches?Electric switches, integral components in numerous devices, can be a source of synthetic chemical contamination due to the materials and manufacturing processes involved in their production.	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	PubChem
CEDs000519	Electrodes?Electrodes, used in various electrical and electronic applications, can be a source of synthetic chemical contamination due to the materials from which they are constructed and the processes involved in their manufacturing.	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	PubChem
CEDs000521	Fixed Capacitors And Their Manufacture?Fixed capacitors are passive electronic components used to store and release electrical energy, playing a critical role in various circuits.	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	PubChem
CEDs000524	Hybrid Capacitors?Hybrid capacitors are energy storage devices that combine the properties of electrolytic and supercapacitors, utilizing a combination of electrochemical principles to achieve higher energy density and power density.	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	PubChem
CEDs000526	Loudspeakers?Loudspeakers, as components in audio systems, can be sources of synthetic chemical contamination primarily due to the materials used in their construction.	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	PubChem
CEDs000530	Radio Transmission Systems?Radio transmission systems utilize a variety of synthetic chemicals in their manufacturing and maintenance processes.	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	PubChem
CEDs000537	Television Systems?Television systems can be a source of synthetic chemical contamination due to the various materials and components used in their manufacture and operation.	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	PubChem
CEDs000540	X Ray Tubes?X-ray tubes are devices used to produce X-rays for various applications, including medical imaging and industrial inspections.	Electrical & Electronic Equipment	PubChem
CEDs000545	Food Preservation?Food preservation often involves the use of synthetic chemicals, such as preservatives, flavor enhancers, and color additives, to extend shelf life and enhance the sensory qualities of food products.	Food, food processing & cookware	PubChem
CEDs000549	Preparation Of Wine Or Sparkling Wine?The preparation of wine or sparkling wine involves various stages, including fermentation, aging, and bottling, which can introduce potential sources of synthetic chemical contamination.	Food, food processing & cookware	PubChem
CEDs000561	Perfumes Within Detergents And Soaps?Perfumes within detergents and soaps are synthetic fragrance compounds added to enhance the sensory experience of cleaning products.	Household cleaning & consumer products	PubChem
CEDs000567	Tobacco Product Cases?Tobacco product cases can serve as a source of synthetic chemical contamination due to the presence of various additives and chemicals used in tobacco processing and product manufacturing.	Household cleaning & consumer products	PubChem
CEDs000569	Tobacco Smoke Filters?Tobacco smoke filters are designed to reduce the inhalation of harmful substances in cigarette smoke, including tar and other particulate matter.	Household cleaning & consumer products	PubChem
CEDs000580	Manufacture Preparation Of Tobacco Products?The manufacture and preparation of tobacco products involve various processes that can result in the introduction of synthetic chemicals into the environment.	Industrial manufacturing & chemical processing	PubChem
CEDs000581	Paper Making Machines?Paper making machines utilize various synthetic chemicals throughout the production process, including additives, coatings, and bleaching agents.	Industrial manufacturing & chemical processing	PubChem
CEDs000596	Acaricides?Acaricides are synthetic chemicals specifically designed to target and control mite populations that can damage crops and plants.	Agriculture & land management	PubChem
CEDs000600	Herbicides And Algicides?Herbicides and algicides are synthetic chemicals primarily used to control unwanted plants and algae in various environments.	Agriculture & land management	PubChem
CEDs000606	Plant Growth Regulators?Plant Growth Regulators (PGRs) are synthetic chemicals designed to influence the growth and development of plants.	Agriculture & land management	PubChem
CEDs000610	Aftersun Products?Aftersun products are designed to soothe and hydrate the skin after sun exposure, often containing various synthetic chemicals such as emollients, preservatives, and fragrances.	Personal care & cosmetics	PubChem
CEDs000613	Depilatories?Depilatories are products designed to remove unwanted hair through the application of synthetic chemicals that break down the protein structure of hair, facilitating its removal.	Personal care & cosmetics	PubChem
CEDs000614	Essential Oils Or Perfumes?Essential oils and perfumes are complex mixtures of volatile compounds derived from natural or synthetic sources, commonly used for their aromatic properties.	Personal care & cosmetics	PubChem
CEDs000615	Eye Makeup Products?Eye makeup products, including mascaras, eyeliners, and eyeshadows, often contain a variety of synthetic chemicals such as pigments, preservatives, and film-forming agents.	Personal care & cosmetics	PubChem
CEDs000617	Lip Care Products?Lip care products, including lipsticks, balms, and glosses, often contain a variety of synthetic chemicals such as parabens, phthalates, and synthetic fragrances.	Personal care & cosmetics	PubChem
CEDs000618	Lip Makeup Products?Lip makeup products, such as lipsticks, lip glosses, and lip liners, often contain a variety of synthetic chemicals, including pigments, preservatives, and emollients.	Personal care & cosmetics	PubChem
CEDs000630	Toys?Toys, particularly those made from synthetic materials such as plastics, can be a source of chemical contamination due to the presence of various additives and compounds used in their production.	Recreation & sports surfaces	PubChem
CEDs000632	Apparel?Apparel production often involves the use of various synthetic chemicals, including dyes, finishing agents, and preservatives.	Textiles, leather & furnishings	PubChem
CEDs000638	Decorating Textiles?Decorating textiles often involves the use of synthetic chemicals such as dyes, finishes, and coatings.	Textiles, leather & furnishings	PubChem
CEDs000642	Footwear?Footwear production often involves the use of various synthetic chemicals, such as adhesives, dyes, and treatments, which can contribute to environmental contamination.	Textiles, leather & furnishings	PubChem
CEDs000643	Headwear?Headwear made from synthetic materials often incorporates chemicals used in the manufacturing and finishing processes, such as dyes, flame retardants, and water repellents.	Textiles, leather & furnishings	PubChem
CEDs000650	Purses Luggage Hand Bags?Purses, luggage, and handbags are often manufactured using synthetic materials such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyurethane, and various types of nylon.	Textiles, leather & furnishings	PubChem
CEDs000652	Ropes?Ropes manufactured from synthetic fibers, such as polypropylene, nylon, and polyester, are widely used in various applications, including marine, construction, and outdoor activities.	Textiles, leather & furnishings	PubChem
CEDs000653	Sewing?Sewing processes often involve the use of various synthetic chemicals, which can become sources of contamination in the environment.	Textiles, leather & furnishings	PubChem
CEDs000658	Touch Fasteners?Touch fasteners, commonly known as hook-and-loop fasteners, are composed of synthetic materials such as nylon or polyester.	Textiles, leather & furnishings	PubChem
CEDs000678	Nitrogenous Fertilisers?Nitrogenous fertilizers are synthetic chemical compounds primarily used to enhance plant growth by supplying essential nitrogen, a crucial nutrient for photosynthesis and protein synthesis.	Agriculture & land management	PubChem
CEDs000679	Phosphatic Fertilisers?Phosphatic fertilizers are synthetic chemical products primarily composed of phosphorus, which is essential for plant growth.	Agriculture & land management	PubChem
CEDs000685	Ceramics?Ceramics can be a source of synthetic chemical contamination through various additives and processing agents used in their production.	Building & Construction	PubChem
CEDs000689	Glass Fibres?Glass fibres are composed of fine strands of glass, commonly utilized for their tensile strength and lightweight properties.	Building & Construction	PubChem
CEDs000692	Silica Free Oxide Glass?Silica Free Oxide Glass is a type of glass that is produced using alternative materials to traditional silica-based formulations.	Building & Construction	PubChem
CEDs000694	Cheese Making?Cheese making involves the fermentation of milk, utilizing bacteria and enzymes to coagulate proteins and develop flavor.	Food, food processing & cookware	PubChem
CEDs000696	Nanotechnology?Nanotechnology involves the manipulation of materials at the molecular or atomic level, typically within the range of 1 to 100 nanometers.	Industrial manufacturing & chemical processing	PubChem
CEDs000727	Printing Machines Or Presses?Printing machines or presses commonly utilize synthetic chemicals such as inks, solvents, and cleaning agents.	Paper, pulp & fiber products	PubChem
CEDs000735	Explosives?Explosives are chemical compounds or mixtures designed to undergo rapid decomposition, releasing energy in the form of gas and heat.	Defense & military infrastructure	PubChem
CEDs000739	Inks?Inks are complex mixtures composed of pigments or dyes, solvents, resins, and additives used primarily for printing and writing applications.	Paper, pulp & fiber products	PubChem
CEDs000740	Paper?Paper production involves the processing of wood fibers and the use of various chemicals, which can lead to synthetic chemical contamination.	Paper, pulp & fiber products	PubChem
CEDs000743	Sludge Treatment?Sludge treatment involves the processing of waste materials generated from wastewater treatment plants, which often contain a variety of organic and inorganic substances.	Wastewater, sanitation & biosolids	PubChem
CEDs000744	Water, Wastewater, & Sewage Treatment?Water, wastewater, and sewage treatment processes are critical for managing and mitigating pollutants in water systems.	Wastewater, sanitation & biosolids	PubChem
CEDs01295	Chicken Meat	Food, food processing & cookware	PMC6720503

Pathways

11 pathwaysPathway Source: PathBank

Porphyrin Metabolism

Porphyria Variegata (PV)

Porphyrin Metabolism

Acute Intermittent Porphyria

Porphyria Variegata (PV)

Congenital Erythropoietic Porphyria (CEP) or Gunther Disease

Hereditary Coproporphyria (HCP)

Acute Intermittent Porphyria

Porphyria Variegata (PV)

Congenital Erythropoietic Porphyria (CEP) or Gunther Disease

Hereditary Coproporphyria (HCP)

Targets

Structure	Protein	UniProt ID	Organism	Relationship	Details
Click to view 3D structure	Catalase	P04040	Humans	Known	Not Available
Click to view 3D structure	Small ubiquitin-related modifier 1	P63165	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	Prediction Confidence Score 0.345 Applicability Domain 1.0 Statistical Significance 6.50e-04 Supporting Reference Compounds 95 E-value 5.0602
Click to view 3D structure	RNA-binding protein pos-1	G5EF15	Caenorhabditis elegans	Predicted (SEA)	Prediction Confidence Score 0.322 Applicability Domain 1.0 Statistical Significance 1.70e-04 Supporting Reference Compounds 52 E-value 1.32344
Click to view 3D structure	Zinc finger protein mex-5	Q9XUB2	Caenorhabditis elegans	Predicted (SEA)	Prediction Confidence Score 0.321 Applicability Domain 1.0 Statistical Significance 6.70e-04 Supporting Reference Compounds 88 E-value 5.2159
Click to view 3D structure	Glypican-3	P51654	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	Prediction Confidence Score 0.278 Applicability Domain 0.278 Low confidence Statistical Significance 0.0083 Supporting Reference Compounds 1 E-value 64.7706
Click to view 3D structure	Uracil nucleotide/cysteinyl leukotriene receptor	Q09QM4	Rattus norvegicus	Predicted (SEA)	Prediction Confidence Score 0.269 Applicability Domain 0.276 Low confidence Statistical Significance 8.00e-04 Supporting Reference Compounds 3 E-value 6.22794
Click to view 3D structure	Uracil nucleotide/cysteinyl leukotriene receptor	Q6NS65	Mus musculus	Predicted (SEA)	Prediction Confidence Score 0.265 Applicability Domain 0.269 Low confidence Statistical Significance 5.20e-04 Supporting Reference Compounds 2 E-value 4.04816
Click to view 3D structure	Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1	P11362	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	Prediction Confidence Score 0.249 Applicability Domain 0.276 Low confidence Statistical Significance 0.3691 Supporting Reference Compounds 1010 E-value 2873.26
Click to view 3D structure	Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2	P35968	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	Prediction Confidence Score 0.249 Applicability Domain 0.276 Low confidence Statistical Significance 0.4501 Supporting Reference Compounds 1660 E-value 3503.92
Click to view 3D structure	Platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta	P09619	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	Prediction Confidence Score 0.236 Applicability Domain 0.276 Low confidence Statistical Significance 0.3889 Supporting Reference Compounds 597 E-value 3027.71
Click to view 3D structure	Aurora kinase A	O14965	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	Prediction Confidence Score 0.225 Applicability Domain 0.276 Low confidence Statistical Significance 0.6091 Supporting Reference Compounds 996 E-value 4741.56
Click to view 3D structure	Receptor-type tyrosine-protein kinase FLT3	P36888	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	Prediction Confidence Score 0.224 Applicability Domain 0.276 Low confidence Statistical Significance 0.6635 Supporting Reference Compounds 1274 E-value 5165.22
Click to view 3D structure	Epidermal growth factor receptor	P00533	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	Prediction Confidence Score 0.224 Applicability Domain 0.276 Low confidence Statistical Significance 0.6865 Supporting Reference Compounds 1301 E-value 5344.43
Click to view 3D structure	Aurora kinase B	Q96GD4	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	Prediction Confidence Score 0.222 Applicability Domain 0.276 Low confidence Statistical Significance 0.6513 Supporting Reference Compounds 1017 E-value 5070.24
Click to view 3D structure	Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src	P12931	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	Prediction Confidence Score 0.221 Applicability Domain 0.276 Low confidence Statistical Significance 0.6763 Supporting Reference Compounds 1158 E-value 5265.33
Click to view 3D structure	Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase receptor Ret	P07949	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	Prediction Confidence Score 0.22 Applicability Domain 0.276 Low confidence Statistical Significance 0.621 Supporting Reference Compounds 764 E-value 4834.13
Click to view 3D structure	Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase kinase 2	Q12851	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	Prediction Confidence Score 0.219 Applicability Domain 0.276 Low confidence Statistical Significance 0.6058 Supporting Reference Compounds 657 E-value 4716.42
Click to view 3D structure	Serine/threonine-protein kinase 3	Q13188	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	Prediction Confidence Score 0.219 Applicability Domain 0.276 Low confidence Statistical Significance 0.5958 Supporting Reference Compounds 641 E-value 4638.49
Click to view 3D structure	Replicative DNA helicase	A0A6L8Q2B7	Bacillus anthracis	Predicted (SEA)	Prediction Confidence Score 0.217 Applicability Domain 0.217 Low confidence Statistical Significance 0.0183 Supporting Reference Compounds 1 E-value 142.775
Click to view 3D structure	Uracil nucleotide/cysteinyl leukotriene receptor	Q13304	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	Prediction Confidence Score 0.216 Applicability Domain 0.276 Low confidence Statistical Significance 0.0116 Supporting Reference Compounds 11 E-value 90.0715
Click to view 3D structure	Ribosomal protein S6 kinase alpha-5	O75582	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	Prediction Confidence Score 0.214 Applicability Domain 0.276 Low confidence Statistical Significance 0.5401 Supporting Reference Compounds 389 E-value 4204.56
Click to view 3D structure	Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1	P17948	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	Prediction Confidence Score 0.21 Applicability Domain 0.276 Low confidence Statistical Significance 0.7095 Supporting Reference Compounds 711 E-value 5523.48
Click to view 3D structure	Inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit epsilon	Q14164	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	Prediction Confidence Score 0.208 Applicability Domain 0.276 Low confidence Statistical Significance 0.5898 Supporting Reference Compounds 304 E-value 4591.55
Click to view 3D structure	Pol polyprotein	Q72874	Human immunodeficiency virus 1	Predicted (SEA)	Prediction Confidence Score 0.207 Applicability Domain 0.469 Statistical Significance 0.0841 Supporting Reference Compounds 54 E-value 654.556
Click to view 3D structure	Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta	P49841	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	Prediction Confidence Score 0.205 Applicability Domain 0.276 Low confidence Statistical Significance 0.8444 Supporting Reference Compounds 1157 E-value 6573.59
Click to view 3D structure	Serine/threonine-protein kinase pim-1	P11309	Humans	Predicted (SEA)	Prediction Confidence Score 0.205 Applicability Domain 0.276 Low confidence Statistical Significance 0.8086 Supporting Reference Compounds 967 E-value 6294.89
Click to view 3D structure	Ferrochelatase	Q7KZA3	Humans	Known	Not Available
Click to view 3D structure	Ferritin light chain	P02792	Humans	Known	Not Available

Concentrations

Not Available

External Links

DrugBank ID

DB02285

HMDB ID

HMDB0000241

FooDB ID

FDB004277

Phenol Explorer ID

Not Available

KNApSAcK ID

C00007370

BiGG ID

Not Available

BioCyc ID

PROTOPORPHYRIN_IX

METLIN ID

Not Available

PDB ID

Not Available

Wikipedia Link

Protoporphyrin_IX

Chemspider ID

10469486

ChEBI ID

15430

PubChem Compound ID

Not Available

Kegg Compound ID

C02191

YMDB ID

YMDB00055

ECMDB ID

ECMDB00241

References

Synthesis Reference

Elaine A. Best, Charles Lee Hershberger, Christopher Carl Frye, “Methods of reducing the levels of protoporphyrin IX in recombinant hemoglobin preparations.” U.S. Patent US6136565, issued April, 1998.

MSDS

Link

General References

Messmann H, Knuchel R, Baumler W, Holstege A, Scholmerich J: Endoscopic fluorescence detection of dysplasia in patients with Barrett's esophagus, ulcerative colitis, or adenomatous polyps after 5-aminolevulinic acid-induced protoporphyrin IX sensitization. Gastrointest Endosc. 1999 Jan;49(1):97-101. [PubMed: 9869731]
Stankiewicz A, Lutz W, Krajewska B, Szulc B: [Plasma indicators of iron metabolism in persons occupationally exposed to organic solvents with normal and increased levels of protoporphyrin IX in erythrocytes]. Pol Tyg Lek. 1986 Jul 7;41(27):851-4. [PubMed: 3763462]
Stankiewicz A: [Erythrocyte protoporphyrin IX in occupational exposure to asbestos]. Med Pr. 1984;35(5):351-4. [PubMed: 6530952]
Sudworth CD, Stringer MR, Cruse-Sawyer JE, Brown SB: Fluorescence microspectroscopy technique for the study of intracellular protoporphyrin IX dynamics. Appl Spectrosc. 2003 Jun;57(6):682-8. [PubMed: 14658702]
Kufner G, Schlegel H, Jager R: A spectrophotometric micromethod for determining erythrocyte protoporphyrin-IX in whole blood or erythrocytes. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2005;43(2):183-91. [PubMed: 15843214]
Stankiewicz A: The concentration of protoporphyrin IX in workers occupationally exposed to lead. Mater Med Pol. 1989 Apr-Jun;21(2):100-2. [PubMed: 2488459]
Krieg RC, Fickweiler S, Wolfbeis OS, Knuechel R: Cell-type specific protoporphyrin IX metabolism in human bladder cancer in vitro. Photochem Photobiol. 2000 Aug;72(2):226-33. [PubMed: 10946577]
Bailey GG, Needham LL: Simultaneous quantification of erythrocyte zinc protoporphyrin and protoporphyrin IX by liquid chromatography. Clin Chem. 1986 Dec;32(12):2137-42. [PubMed: 3779978]
Chisolm J Jr, Brown DH: Micro-scale photofluorometric determination of "free erythrocyte pophyrin" (protoporphyrin IX). Clin Chem. 1975 Oct;21(11):1669-82. [PubMed: 1164799]
Casas A, Batlle AM, Butler AR, Robertson D, Brown EH, MacRobert A, Riley PA: Comparative effect of ALA derivatives on protoporphyrin IX production in human and rat skin organ cultures. Br J Cancer. 1999 Jul;80(10):1525-32. [PubMed: 10408393]
Smits T, Robles CA, van Erp PE, van de Kerkhof PC, Gerritsen MJ: Correlation between macroscopic fluorescence and protoporphyrin IX content in psoriasis and actinic keratosis following application of aminolevulinic acid. J Invest Dermatol. 2005 Oct;125(4):833-9. [PubMed: 16185285]
Bartosova J, Hrkal Z: Accumulation of protoporphyrin-IX (PpIX) in leukemic cell lines following induction by 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol. 2000 Jul;126(3):245-52. [PubMed: 11048674]
Sakai T, Takeuchi Y, Ikeya Y, Araki T, Ushio K: [Automated HPLC method for determining zinc protoporphyrin IX and protoporphyrin IX in erythrocytes of workers exposed to lead]. Sangyo Igaku. 1988 Nov;30(6):467-74. [PubMed: 3221502]
Stankiewicz A, Lutz W, Szeszko A: [Protoporphyrin IX level in erythrocytes of persons with alcoholic liver cirrhosis]. Pol Tyg Lek. 1985 Jul 15;40(28):787-9. [PubMed: 4059100]
Star WM, Aalders MC, Sac A, Sterenborg HJ: Quantitative model calculation of the time-dependent protoporphyrin IX concentration in normal human epidermis after delivery of ALA by passive topical application or lontophoresis. Photochem Photobiol. 2002 Apr;75(4):424-32. [PubMed: 12003134]
von Beckerath M, Juzenas P, Ma LW, Iani V, Lofgren L, Moan J: The influence of UV exposure on 5-aminolevulinic acid-induced protoporphyrin IX production in skin. Photochem Photobiol. 2001 Dec;74(6):825-8. [PubMed: 11783939]
Gottsch JD, Graham CR Jr, Hairston RJ, Chen CH, Green WR, Stark WJ: Protoporphyrin IX photosensitization of corneal endothelium. Arch Ophthalmol. 1989 Oct;107(10):1497-500. [PubMed: 2803100]
Bissonnette R, Zeng H, McLean DI, Korbelik M, Lui H: Oral aminolevulinic acid induces protoporphyrin IX fluorescence in psoriatic plaques and peripheral blood cells. Photochem Photobiol. 2001 Aug;74(2):339-45. [PubMed: 11547574]
Rick K, Sroka R, Stepp H, Kriegmair M, Huber RM, Jacob K, Baumgartner R: Pharmacokinetics of 5-aminolevulinic acid-induced protoporphyrin IX in skin and blood. J Photochem Photobiol B. 1997 Oct;40(3):313-9. [PubMed: 9372622]
De Rosa FS, Marchetti JM, Thomazini JA, Tedesco AC, Bentley MV: A vehicle for photodynamic therapy of skin cancer: influence of dimethylsulphoxide on 5-aminolevulinic acid in vitro cutaneous permeation and in vivo protoporphyrin IX accumulation determined by confocal microscopy. J Control Release. 2000 Apr 3;65(3):359-66. [PubMed: 10699294]

Protoporphyrin IX (CED0002629)

Structure for CHEM003400: Protoporphyrin IX

Structure