Norethindrone (CED0004134)

Record Information
Version1.0
Creation Date2014-09-11 05:14:30 UTC
Update Date2026-05-14 16:46:58 UTC
SynCED IDCED0004134
Secondary Accession Numbers
  • CHEM003702
  • T3D4745
Identification
Common NameNorethindrone
ClassSmall Molecule
Description
Norethindrone is an exogenous solid with the formula C20H26O2 and an average molecular weight of 298.42 g/mol. Norethindrone belongs to the estrane steroids, a subclass of steroids and steroid derivatives within the organic compounds. It is classified within the superclass of lipids and lipid-like molecules. The compound acts as a biological siderophore (PMC11308372 ). Its recorded protein targets include the estrogen receptor (ESR1), androgen receptor (AR), glucocorticoid receptor (NR3C1), cytochrome P450 2C19 (CYP2C19), and two other proteins. The compound is found in or released from 92 recorded sources. These include healthcare, pharmaceuticals, and veterinary products such as progestogens, hypothalamic hormones, progestogens and estrogens in combination, and hormonal contraceptives for systemic use. Other sources include drinking water and water supply (bottled, desalinated, tap, and drinking water), food, food processing, and cookware (including food preservation, brew kettles, preparation of malt, molasses and treatment of molasses, and fermentation processes for beer), building and construction (including floors, ceilings, fencing, ladders, and waterproofing sprays), household cleaning and consumer products (including bleaching agents, match receptacles or boxes, cigar cigarettes, other smoking requisites, and non electric simulated smoking devices), and electrical and electronic equipment (including amplifiers, antennas, auxiliary devices, coils, adjustable resistors, and 31 more). Recorded exposure routes for norethindrone include oral, intramuscular, transdermal, topical, touch, and inhalation.
Contaminant Type
  • Contraceptive, Oral, Synthetic
  • Drug
  • Ester
  • Human Neurotoxin
  • Metabolite
  • Organic Compound
  • PMT
  • Synthetic Compound
Chemical Structure
Synonyms
ValueSource
(17alpha)-17-Ethynyl-17-hydroxyestra-4,8(14),9-trien-3-oneChEBI
17-alpha-Ethynyl-17-hydroxy-4-estren-3-oneChEBI
17-alpha-Ethynyl-19-norandrost-4-en-17-beta-ol-3-oneChEBI
17-alpha-Ethynyl-19-nortestosteroneChEBI
17-alpha-Ethynyl-4-estren-17-ol-3-oneChEBI
17-beta-Hydroxy-19-norpregn-4-en-20-yn-3-oneChEBI
17-Hydroxy-19-nor-17-alpha-pregn-4-en-20-yn-3-oneChEBI
17-Hydroxy-19-nor-17alpha-pregn-4-en-20-yn-3-oneChEBI
17alpha-Ethinyl-19-nortestosteroneChEBI
17alpha-Ethinylestra-4-en-17beta-ol-3-oneChEBI
17alpha-Ethynyl-17-hydroxy-4-estren-3-oneChEBI
17alpha-Ethynyl-17beta-hydroxy-19-norandrost-4-en-3-oneChEBI
17alpha-Ethynyl-19-nor-4-androsten-17beta-ol-3-oneChEBI
17alpha-Ethynyl-19-norandrost-4-en-17beta-ol-3-oneChEBI
17alpha-Ethynyl-19-nortestosteroneChEBI
17alpha-Ethynyl-4-estren-17-ol-3-oneChEBI
17beta-Hydroxy-19-norpregn-4-en-20-yn-3-oneChEBI
19-Nor-17-alpha-ethynyl-17-beta-hydroxy-4-androsten-3-oneChEBI
19-Nor-17-alpha-ethynylandrosten-17-beta-ol-3-oneChEBI
19-Nor-17-alpha-ethynyltestosteroneChEBI
19-Nor-17alpha-ethynyl-17beta-hydroxy-4-androsten-3-oneChEBI
19-Nor-17alpha-ethynylandrosten-17beta-ol-3-oneChEBI
19-Nor-17alpha-ethynyltestosteroneChEBI
19-Nor-ethindroneChEBI
19-NorethisteroneChEBI
4-Estren-17alpha-ethynyl-17beta-ol-3-oneChEBI
CamilaChEBI
ConludagChEBI
MicronorChEBI
MicronovumChEBI
Mini-peChEBI
Mini-pillChEBI
NorcolutChEBI
NorethisteronChEBI
NorethisteronumChEBI
NoretisteronaChEBI
NoridayChEBI
NorlutenChEBI
NorlutinChEBI
Primolut-NChEBI
UtovlanChEBI
NorethisteroneKegg
(17a)-17-Ethynyl-17-hydroxyestra-4,8(14),9-trien-3-oneGenerator
(17Α)-17-ethynyl-17-hydroxyestra-4,8(14),9-trien-3-oneGenerator
17-a-Ethynyl-17-hydroxy-4-estren-3-oneGenerator
17-Α-ethynyl-17-hydroxy-4-estren-3-oneGenerator
17-a-Ethynyl-19-norandrost-4-en-17-b-ol-3-oneGenerator
17-Α-ethynyl-19-norandrost-4-en-17-β-ol-3-oneGenerator
17-a-Ethynyl-19-nortestosteroneGenerator
17-Α-ethynyl-19-nortestosteroneGenerator
17-a-Ethynyl-4-estren-17-ol-3-oneGenerator
17-Α-ethynyl-4-estren-17-ol-3-oneGenerator
17-b-Hydroxy-19-norpregn-4-en-20-yn-3-oneGenerator
17-Β-hydroxy-19-norpregn-4-en-20-yn-3-oneGenerator
17-Hydroxy-19-nor-17-a-pregn-4-en-20-yn-3-oneGenerator
17-Hydroxy-19-nor-17-α-pregn-4-en-20-yn-3-oneGenerator
17-Hydroxy-19-nor-17a-pregn-4-en-20-yn-3-oneGenerator
17-Hydroxy-19-nor-17α-pregn-4-en-20-yn-3-oneGenerator
17a-Ethinyl-19-nortestosteroneGenerator
17Α-ethinyl-19-nortestosteroneGenerator
17a-Ethinylestra-4-en-17b-ol-3-oneGenerator
17Α-ethinylestra-4-en-17β-ol-3-oneGenerator
17a-Ethynyl-17-hydroxy-4-estren-3-oneGenerator
17Α-ethynyl-17-hydroxy-4-estren-3-oneGenerator
17a-Ethynyl-17b-hydroxy-19-norandrost-4-en-3-oneGenerator
17Α-ethynyl-17β-hydroxy-19-norandrost-4-en-3-oneGenerator
17a-Ethynyl-19-nor-4-androsten-17b-ol-3-oneGenerator
17Α-ethynyl-19-nor-4-androsten-17β-ol-3-oneGenerator
17a-Ethynyl-19-norandrost-4-en-17b-ol-3-oneGenerator
17Α-ethynyl-19-norandrost-4-en-17β-ol-3-oneGenerator
17a-Ethynyl-19-nortestosteroneGenerator
17Α-ethynyl-19-nortestosteroneGenerator
17a-Ethynyl-4-estren-17-ol-3-oneGenerator
17Α-ethynyl-4-estren-17-ol-3-oneGenerator
17b-Hydroxy-19-norpregn-4-en-20-yn-3-oneGenerator
17Β-hydroxy-19-norpregn-4-en-20-yn-3-oneGenerator
19-Nor-17-a-ethynyl-17-b-hydroxy-4-androsten-3-oneGenerator
19-Nor-17-α-ethynyl-17-β-hydroxy-4-androsten-3-oneGenerator
19-Nor-17-a-ethynylandrosten-17-b-ol-3-oneGenerator
19-Nor-17-α-ethynylandrosten-17-β-ol-3-oneGenerator
19-Nor-17-a-ethynyltestosteroneGenerator
19-Nor-17-α-ethynyltestosteroneGenerator
19-Nor-17a-ethynyl-17b-hydroxy-4-androsten-3-oneGenerator
19-Nor-17α-ethynyl-17β-hydroxy-4-androsten-3-oneGenerator
19-Nor-17a-ethynylandrosten-17b-ol-3-oneGenerator
19-Nor-17α-ethynylandrosten-17β-ol-3-oneGenerator
19-Nor-17a-ethynyltestosteroneGenerator
19-Nor-17α-ethynyltestosteroneGenerator
4-Estren-17a-ethynyl-17b-ol-3-oneGenerator
4-Estren-17α-ethynyl-17β-ol-3-oneGenerator
(17-alpha)-17-Hydroxy-19-norpregn-4-en-20-yn-3-oneHMDB
17-alpha-Ethynyl-17-beta-hydroxy-4-estren-3-oneHMDB
17-Ethinyl-19-nor-testosteroneHMDB
17-Ethynyl-17-hydroxyestr-4-en-3-one (acd/name 4.0)HMDB
17-Ethynyl-17beta-hydroxyestr-4-en-3-oneHMDB
17-Ethynyl-19-nortestosteroneHMDB
17-Hydroxy-(17alpha)-19-norpregn-4-en-20-yn-3-oneHMDB
17-Hydroxy-17-alpha-19-norpregn-4-en-20-yn-3-oneHMDB
17alpha-Ethinyl-17alpha-ethinyl-19-nortestosteroneHMDB
17alpha-Ethynyl-17-hydroxy-estr-4-en-3-oneHMDB
17alpha-Ethynyl-17-hydroxyest-4-en-3-oneHMDB
17alpha-Ethynyl-17beta-hydroxyestr-4-en-3-oneHMDB
17alpha-Ethynyl-3-oxo-4-estren-17beta-olHMDB
17alpha-Pregn-4-en-20-yn-3-oneHMDB
17beta-Hydroxy-17alpha-ethynylestr-4-en-3-oneHMDB
19-Nor-17-ethinyltestosteroneHMDB
19-NorethinyltestosteroneHMDB
AnhydrohydroxynorprogesteroneHMDB
AnovuleHMDB
ConludafHMDB
ENTHMDB
Ethinyl-19-nortestosteroneHMDB
EthinylnortestosteroneHMDB
EthynylnortestosteroneHMDB
GestestHMDB
MenzolHMDB
MicronettHMDB
MinovlarHMDB
NETHMDB
Nor-q.d.HMDB
Nor-QDHMDB
NoralutinHMDB
NoresthisteroneHMDB
NorethyndronHMDB
NorethynodroneHMDB
NorforHMDB
NorgestinHMDB
NorlutateHMDB
NorlutonHMDB
NormapauseHMDB
NorpregneninloneHMDB
NorpregneninoloneHMDB
Primolut NHMDB
ProluteasiHMDB
UtovlarHMDB
ConceplanHMDB
Nor QDHMDB
Norethindrone, (1 beta)-isomerHMDB
NorcoluteHMDB
MonogestHMDB
NorQDHMDB
NorethindroneChEBI
Chemical FormulaC20H26O2
Average Molecular Mass298.419 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass298.193 g/mol
CAS Registry Number68-22-4
IUPAC Name(1S,2R,10R,11S,14R,15S)-14-ethynyl-14-hydroxy-15-methyltetracyclo[8.7.0.0^{2,7}.0^{11,15}]heptadec-6-en-5-one
Traditional Name(1S,2R,10R,11S,14R,15S)-14-ethynyl-14-hydroxy-15-methyltetracyclo[8.7.0.0^{2,7}.0^{11,15}]heptadec-6-en-5-one
SMILES[H][C@@]12CC[C@@](O)(C#C)[C@@]1(C)CC[C@]1([H])[C@@]3([H])CCC(=O)C=C3CC[C@@]21[H]
InChI IdentifierInChI=1S/C20H26O2/c1-3-20(22)11-9-18-17-6-4-13-12-14(21)5-7-15(13)16(17)8-10-19(18,20)2/h1,12,15-18,22H,4-11H2,2H3/t15-,16+,17+,18-,19-,20-/m0/s1
InChI KeyVIKNJXKGJWUCNN-XGXHKTLJSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as estrogens and derivatives. These are steroids with a structure containing a 3-hydroxylated estrane.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassLipids and lipid-like molecules
ClassSteroids and steroid derivatives
Sub ClassEstrane steroids
Direct ParentEstrogens and derivatives
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Estrogen-skeleton
  • 3-oxo-delta-4-steroid
  • 3-oxosteroid
  • 17-hydroxysteroid
  • Oxosteroid
  • Hydroxysteroid
  • Delta-4-steroid
  • Cyclohexenone
  • Ynone
  • Cyclic alcohol
  • Tertiary alcohol
  • Cyclic ketone
  • Ketone
  • Acetylide
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Organic oxide
  • Carbonyl group
  • Alcohol
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Aliphatic homopolycyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAliphatic homopolycyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Biological Properties
StatusDetected and Not Quantified
OriginExogenous
Cellular Locations
  • Cytoplasm
  • Extracellular
  • Membrane
Biofluid LocationsNot Available
Tissue LocationsNot Available
ApplicationsNot Available
Biological Roles
Chemical RolesNot Available
Organoleptic EffectsNot Available
Physical Properties
StateSolid
AppearanceWhite powder.
Experimental Properties
PropertyValue
Melting Point203.5°C
Boiling PointNot Available
Solubility7.04 mg/L (at 25°C)
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility0.0067 g/LALOGPS
logP2.72ALOGPS
logP3.22ChemAxon
logS-4.6ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)17.59ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)-1.7ChemAxon
Physiological Charge0ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count2ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count1ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area37.3 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count0ChemAxon
Refractivity87.42 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability34.59 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings4ChemAxon
BioavailabilityYesChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterYesChemAxon
Veber's RuleYesChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemAxon
Spectra
Spectra
Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateView
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrumsplash10-00w9-0690000000-7050c3192b843aecc482Not AvailableView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrumsplash10-052f-1369000000-cfce41c0dca4a0c3cd9cNot AvailableView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS SpectrumNot AvailableNot AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-0002-0391000000-ae51cc90bb8f2161f149Not AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-0j59-2494000000-76c71f96c07e87ef8962Not AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-0a4i-1910000000-f3f4bbf8cfe62ee9f76dNot AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-0a5c-3900000000-4b2a5d95e4b6d50f16fcNot AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-00ea-0790000000-60d1a1a37c0ba98d6a4aNot AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-00e9-0890000000-5d3b8210450a1c43b119Not AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-0002-0391000000-ae51cc90bb8f2161f149Not AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-0ar0-3920000000-e31fa7c9e871f2e39846Not AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-001j-0930000000-9c2fc72a1b360913fb56Not AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-005c-0910000000-ef775abfdf43d67a4225Not AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-0a5c-3900000000-11a6390c5bc543829135Not AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-0002-0391000000-7b2e411df9eccc111c8eNot AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-0002-0091000000-3a83c5fc59fdaea61231Not AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-0a4i-1910000000-f3f4bbf8cfe62ee9f76dNot AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-00ea-0790000000-1844e6f664d23868bbabNot AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-004l-0900000000-623cab7c657eda4d2f5fNot AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-0002-0090000000-412f7f0b9259fe759372Not AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-00e9-0890000000-d8c560fa1ac40e4ba22fNot AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-0a59-2910000000-7b16e32a71f6c1df6d1eNot AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-0002-1890000000-dd04618c9b64e4bd4359Not AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-0002-0090000000-4db4ad482dc874ec97a0Not AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-0002-0090000000-abb6852dfb1d79f6dfcaNot AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-001i-0090000000-09db330e9e23e7993714Not AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-005c-0910000000-66e431f86e362dd4b183Not AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-001i-0090000000-f132103f52797b6b443aNot AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-0159-0090000000-e5c12558293035d40cfaNot AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-004l-0900000000-522d8a8a5166fdeaf485Not AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-0002-1890000000-50f8db991ff155194cd8Not AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-0a59-2910000000-521ebc47f01b84a1fcc5Not AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-001j-0930000000-1b2146c4ddbbbe5074daNot AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-0apl-6900000000-d907efce7efbdb236f8cNot AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-057l-9700000000-fa0a1cee3439064cfa67Not AvailableView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-0002-0090000000-ec79e2d15a020c198ddeNot AvailableView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-001m-0290000000-b8f5efd6d7713f50f65cNot AvailableView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-0l5l-2980000000-14cb82df2a3c251f955eNot AvailableView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-0002-0090000000-eab48ea9142da299d923Not AvailableView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-0002-0090000000-64471e6cc8b0f3e495b5Not AvailableView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-00l6-0090000000-ccad820f0e5b5559e8e8Not AvailableView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-0002-0090000000-fb880f710c17d0e5e278Not AvailableView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-002b-0950000000-e97fe21da1ef66a4723eNot AvailableView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-0uka-0930000000-5302e8f1c787cf87db6aNot AvailableView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-0002-0090000000-0993c591ea0b82c4de0bNot AvailableView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-0002-0090000000-5b34190c6d6fc605de71Not AvailableView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-0gb9-0090000000-5e3f3c189e838f793c55Not AvailableView Spectrum
MSMS Spectrumsplash10-01rt-4950000000-fcbe8bf03b1aa103152bNot AvailableView Spectrum
Toxicity Profile
Toxicity Values
Toxicity ValueOrganismDose DescriptorRoute of ExposurePredicted or ExperimentalToxicity RatingReference
2277.0 Log mg/kg [1300:4000]RatLD50oralpredictedNot AvailableNot Available
Toxicity / Toxin ClassNot Available
Mechanism of ToxicityProgestins diffuse freely into target cells and bind to the progesterone receptor. Target cells include the female reproductive tract, the mammary gland, the hypothalamus, and the pituitary. Once bound to the receptor, progestins slow the frequency of release of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus and blunt the pre-ovulatory LH surge.
Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification)2B, possibly carcinogenic to humans. (17)
Minimum Risk LevelNot Available
SymptomsNot Available
TreatmentNot Available
Health Effects
Health EffectRelationshipDirectionDescriptionReference
breast cancerHas Therapeutic Effect OnNot AvailableA breast cancer that has material basis in abnormally proliferating cells derives from epithelial cells. (DO)PMC314450
AcneAssociated With?Not AvailableA disorder of the skin in which oil glands and hair glands become inflamed.PMC10852998
EndometriosisNot AvailableNot AvailableEndometriosis is a condition that affects women in which cells similar to those in the endometrium, the layer of tissue that normally covers the inside of the uterus, grow outside the uterus (mainly in the ovaries and fallopian tubes). The main symptoms are pelvic pain and infertility, although 20-25% of women are asymptomatic. Pain during sexual intercourse is also common. Other symptoms include diarrhea or constipation, chronic fatigue, nausea and vomiting, headaches, low-grade fevers, heavy and/or irregular periods, and hypoglycemia. Endometriosis is a common condition. About 6–10% of women are affected. Endometriosis is most common in those in their thirties and forties; however, it can begin in girls as early as eight years old.PMC8863341
depressive disorderAssociated With?increaseNot AvailablePMC8011861
gender incongruenceNot AvailableNot AvailableNot AvailablePMC12192487
Exposure Sources
Source IDSourceSectorReference
CEDs000003Irrigation water?Irrigation water can serve as a vector for synthetic chemical contamination due to its potential exposure to agricultural inputs such as fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides.Agriculture & land managementNot Available
CEDs000010Insecticides?Insecticides are synthetic chemicals designed to control or eliminate insect pests that threaten crops and other agricultural products.Agriculture & land managementPubChem
CEDs000027Water Coolers?Water coolers can be a source of synthetic chemical contamination due to various materials used in their construction and operation.Appliances, HVAC & refrigerantsNot Available
CEDs000043Water heaters?Water heaters can be a source of synthetic chemical contamination primarily through the materials and coatings used in their construction.Appliances, HVAC & refrigerantsNot Available
CEDs000050Groundwater?Groundwater serves as a vital resource for drinking water and agricultural irrigation but is increasingly susceptible to contamination from synthetic chemicals.Aquatic systems & sedimentsNot Available
CEDs000051Surface water?Surface water can serve as a significant vector for the introduction of synthetic chemical contaminants into aquatic ecosystems.Aquatic systems & sedimentsPMC3346763
CEDs000052Seawater?Seawater can serve as a significant reservoir for synthetic chemical contamination due to various industrial activities, including shipping, oil drilling, and coastal manufacturing.Aquatic systems & sedimentsNot Available
CEDs000053Freshwater?Freshwater bodies, including rivers, lakes, and reservoirs, can serve as significant sources of synthetic chemical contamination due to various anthropogenic activities.Aquatic systems & sedimentsNot Available
CEDs000070Stormwater runoff?Stormwater runoff refers to the flow of rainwater or melted snow that does not soak into the ground and instead collects pollutants as it travels over impervious surfaces such as roads and parking lots.Automotive & urban infrastructureNot Available
CEDs000088Waterproofing sprays?Waterproofing sprays are synthetic chemical formulations designed to create a protective barrier against moisture on various surfaces, including fabrics, wood, and masonry.Building & ConstructionNot Available
CEDs000115Drinking water?Drinking water can be a medium for synthetic chemical contamination, often originating from various industrial processes and agricultural practices.Drinking water & water supplyNot Available
CEDs000116Tap water?Tap water can be a potential source of synthetic chemical contamination due to various industrial processes and agricultural runoff.Drinking water & water supplyNot Available
CEDs000117Bottled water?Bottled water, while perceived as a safe and convenient alternative to tap water, can be a source of synthetic chemical contamination.Drinking water & water supplyNot Available
CEDs000118Desalinated water?Desalinated water, produced through processes such as reverse osmosis or distillation, is increasingly utilized to meet freshwater demands in various regions.Drinking water & water supplyNot Available
CEDs000181Ballast water?Ballast water, taken on by ships to maintain stability and balance, often contains a diverse array of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, and plankton.Marine, shipping & aquacultureNot Available
CEDs000182Bilge water?Bilge water is a byproduct generated from the accumulation of water in the lowest part of a ship's hull, which may include a mixture of seawater, oil, fuel residues, and various contaminants.Marine, shipping & aquacultureNot Available
CEDs000233Brushes?Brushes used in personal care and cosmetics can be a source of synthetic chemical contamination due to the materials and coatings used in their manufacturing.Personal care & cosmeticsPubChem
CEDs000317Hormonal contraceptives for systemic use?Hormonal contraceptives for systemic use are synthetic compounds designed to regulate reproductive functions by altering hormonal levels in the body.Healthcare, pharmaceuticals & veterinary productsNot Available
CEDs000320Progestogens?Progestogens are synthetic hormones used primarily in hormone replacement therapy, contraceptive formulations, and veterinary medicine.Healthcare, pharmaceuticals & veterinary productsNot Available
CEDs000322Progestogens and estrogens in combination?Progestogens and estrogens are synthetic hormones commonly used in various therapeutic applications, including hormonal contraception, hormone replacement therapy, and veterinary medicine.Healthcare, pharmaceuticals & veterinary productsNot Available
CEDs000330Hypothalamic hormones?Hypothalamic hormones, such as gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), play critical roles in regulating various physiological processes, including stress response, reproduction, and metabolism.Healthcare, pharmaceuticals & veterinary productsNot Available
CEDs000468Industrial wastewater?Industrial wastewater is a byproduct generated during various manufacturing and processing activities, which often contains a complex mixture of organic and inorganic synthetic chemicals.Wastewater, sanitation & biosolidsNot Available
CEDs000470Wastewater treatment effluent?Wastewater treatment effluent is the liquid byproduct discharged from the treatment processes designed to remove contaminants from wastewater.Wastewater, sanitation & biosolidsNot Available
CEDs000475Mine wastewater?Mine wastewater refers to the liquid waste generated during the extraction and processing of minerals.Wastewater, sanitation & biosolidsNot Available
CEDs000477Wastewater, unspecified?Wastewater refers to water that has been adversely affected in quality by anthropogenic influence, typically through domestic, industrial, or agricultural activities.Wastewater, sanitation & biosolidsNot Available
CEDs000495Ceilings?Ceilings in built environments can be a source of synthetic chemical contamination due to the materials used in their construction and finishes.Building & ConstructionPubChem
CEDs000496Fencing?Fencing materials, particularly those used in construction and landscaping, can be a source of synthetic chemical contamination due to the treatments and coatings applied for durability and weather resistance.Building & ConstructionPubChem
CEDs000497Floors?Floors in built environments can be a significant source of synthetic chemical contamination due to the materials and finishes used in their construction.Building & ConstructionPubChem
CEDs000498Ladders?Ladders, commonly used in various construction and maintenance activities, can become a source of synthetic chemical contamination due to the materials and coatings applied during their manufacture and use.Building & ConstructionPubChem
CEDs000499Roofs?Roofs can be a significant source of synthetic chemical contamination due to the materials used in their construction and maintenance.Building & ConstructionPubChem
CEDs000500Stairs And Ramps?Stairs and ramps in construction are often treated with various synthetic chemicals to enhance durability, slip resistance, and weather resistance.Building & ConstructionPubChem
CEDs000501Sunshades Awnings Or Outside Screens?Sunshades, awnings, and outside screens are often constructed using synthetic materials such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyester, or acrylic fabrics.Building & ConstructionPubChem
CEDs000502Sunshades Awnings Or Outside Screens?Sunshades, awnings, and outside screens are commonly used in construction to enhance energy efficiency and provide shade.Building & ConstructionPubChem
CEDs000503Tents Or Canopies?Tents and canopies used in various applications can be a source of synthetic chemical contamination primarily due to the materials from which they are made.Building & ConstructionPubChem
CEDs000504Adjustable Resistors?Adjustable resistors, commonly used in various electronic devices, can contribute to synthetic chemical contamination through the materials and substances used in their manufacturing and disposal.Electrical & Electronic EquipmentPubChem
CEDs000505Amplifiers?Amplifiers, commonly used in various electronic devices to enhance signal strength, can be a source of synthetic chemical contamination due to the materials and processes involved in their production and disposal.Electrical & Electronic EquipmentPubChem
CEDs000506Antennas?Antennas, commonly used in communication technologies, can be a source of synthetic chemical contamination through the materials and coatings used in their construction.Electrical & Electronic EquipmentPubChem
CEDs000507Auxiliary Devices?Auxiliary devices, such as capacitors, transformers, and circuit breakers, are integral components in various electronic systems.Electrical & Electronic EquipmentPubChem
CEDs000508Coils?Coils are components used in various electrical and electronic applications, such as transformers, inductors, and motors.Electrical & Electronic EquipmentPubChem
CEDs000509Colour Television Systems?Colour television systems contain various synthetic chemicals that can lead to environmental contamination.Electrical & Electronic EquipmentPubChem
CEDs000510Communication Cables Or Conductors?Communication cables or conductors are essential components in the transmission of data and signals in various applications, including telecommunications and networking.Electrical & Electronic EquipmentPubChem
CEDs000511Conductors Or Conductive Bodies Characterised By The Conductive Materials?Conductors, or conductive bodies, are materials that allow the flow of electrical current, typically made from metals such as copper, aluminum, or silver.Electrical & Electronic EquipmentPubChem
CEDs000512Contacts?Contacts in electrical and electronic equipment are components that facilitate the flow of electricity between circuits.Electrical & Electronic EquipmentPubChem
CEDs000513Cores Yokes Or Armatures?Cores, yokes, or armatures are components commonly found in electrical devices, used to facilitate the magnetic and electrical functions within motors, transformers, and generators.Electrical & Electronic EquipmentPubChem
CEDs000514Discharge Lamps?Discharge lamps, including fluorescent and high-intensity discharge (HID) lamps, are commonly used for lighting applications due to their energy efficiency and brightness.Electrical & Electronic EquipmentPubChem
CEDs000515Discharge Tubes With Liquid Pool Cathodes?Discharge tubes with liquid pool cathodes are devices that utilize a liquid metal as the cathode in gas discharge applications.Electrical & Electronic EquipmentPubChem
CEDs000516Electric Hearing Aids?Electric hearing aids are small electronic devices designed to amplify sound for individuals with hearing loss.Electrical & Electronic EquipmentPubChem
CEDs000517Electric Switches?Electric switches, integral components in numerous devices, can be a source of synthetic chemical contamination due to the materials and manufacturing processes involved in their production.Electrical & Electronic EquipmentPubChem
CEDs000518Electrically Stimulated Smoking Devices?Electrically stimulated smoking devices, commonly known as e-cigarettes or vape pens, utilize electrical components to heat a liquid solution, often containing nicotine, flavorings, and other additives, to produce an aerosol for inhalation.Electrical & Electronic EquipmentPubChem
CEDs000519Electrodes?Electrodes, used in various electrical and electronic applications, can be a source of synthetic chemical contamination due to the materials from which they are constructed and the processes involved in their manufacturing.Electrical & Electronic EquipmentPubChem
CEDs000520Emergency Protective Devices?Emergency protective devices, such as circuit breakers and surge protectors, are essential components in electrical systems designed to prevent damage from overcurrent and surges.Electrical & Electronic EquipmentPubChem
CEDs000521Fixed Capacitors And Their Manufacture?Fixed capacitors are passive electronic components used to store and release electrical energy, playing a critical role in various circuits.Electrical & Electronic EquipmentPubChem
CEDs000523Gas Filled Discharge Tubes With Solid Cathode?Gas Filled Discharge Tubes with Solid Cathodes are electrical components that facilitate the flow of current by ionizing gas within a sealed tube.Electrical & Electronic EquipmentPubChem
CEDs000524Hybrid Capacitors?Hybrid capacitors are energy storage devices that combine the properties of electrolytic and supercapacitors, utilizing a combination of electrochemical principles to achieve higher energy density and power density.Electrical & Electronic EquipmentPubChem
CEDs000525Line Transmission Systems?Line Transmission Systems, commonly used for the distribution of electrical energy, can be a source of synthetic chemical contamination through the insulation materials and coatings utilized in their construction.Electrical & Electronic EquipmentPubChem
CEDs000526Loudspeakers?Loudspeakers, as components in audio systems, can be sources of synthetic chemical contamination primarily due to the materials used in their construction.Electrical & Electronic EquipmentPubChem
CEDs000527Magnets?Magnets, commonly used in various electrical and electronic applications, can be a source of synthetic chemical contamination due to the materials used in their production.Electrical & Electronic EquipmentPubChem
CEDs000528Microphones?Microphones, as components in various electronic devices, can be sources of synthetic chemical contamination due to the materials used in their construction.Electrical & Electronic EquipmentPubChem
CEDs000529Power Cables?Power cables are used to transmit electrical energy and are typically composed of conductive materials, insulation, and protective coatings.Electrical & Electronic EquipmentPubChem
CEDs000530Radio Transmission Systems?Radio transmission systems utilize a variety of synthetic chemicals in their manufacturing and maintenance processes.Electrical & Electronic EquipmentPubChem
CEDs000531Relays?Relays are electromechanical switches used to control circuits and manage electrical loads.Electrical & Electronic EquipmentPubChem
CEDs000532Selectors?Selectors are components used in various electronic devices to control the flow of electrical signals.Electrical & Electronic EquipmentPubChem
CEDs000533Sparking Plugs?Spark plugs are critical components in internal combustion engines, facilitating the ignition of fuel-air mixtures by generating a spark.Electrical & Electronic EquipmentPubChem
CEDs000534Still Video Cameras?Still video cameras, which capture images in digital format, can be a source of synthetic chemical contamination due to the materials and components used in their production and operation.Electrical & Electronic EquipmentPubChem
CEDs000535Superconducting Magnets And Superconducting Coils?Superconducting magnets and coils are utilized in various applications that require strong magnetic fields, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and particle accelerators.Electrical & Electronic EquipmentPubChem
CEDs000536Superconductive Or Hyperconductive Conductors Cables Or Transmission Lines?Superconductive or hyperconductive conductors, including cables and transmission lines, are materials that exhibit zero electrical resistance under specific conditions, typically at low temperatures.Electrical & Electronic EquipmentPubChem
CEDs000537Television Systems?Television systems can be a source of synthetic chemical contamination due to the various materials and components used in their manufacture and operation.Electrical & Electronic EquipmentPubChem
CEDs000538Thin Magnetic Films?Thin magnetic films are layers of magnetic material ranging from a few nanometers to several micrometers in thickness, commonly used in applications such as magnetic sensors, data storage devices, and electronic components.Electrical & Electronic EquipmentPubChem
CEDs000539Video Games?Video games, through their production and disposal processes, can be a source of synthetic chemical contamination.Electrical & Electronic EquipmentPubChem
CEDs000540X Ray Tubes?X-ray tubes are devices used to produce X-rays for various applications, including medical imaging and industrial inspections.Electrical & Electronic EquipmentPubChem
CEDs000542Brew Kettles?Brew kettles are large vessels used in the brewing process for boiling ingredients such as malt, hops, and water.Food, food processing & cookwarePubChem
CEDs000544Fermentation Processes For Beer?Fermentation processes for beer involve the conversion of sugars into alcohol and carbon dioxide by yeast.Food, food processing & cookwarePubChem
CEDs000545Food Preservation?Food preservation often involves the use of synthetic chemicals, such as preservatives, flavor enhancers, and color additives, to extend shelf life and enhance the sensory qualities of food products.Food, food processing & cookwarePubChem
CEDs000546Molasses And Treatment Of Molasses?Molasses is a thick, viscous byproduct of sugar production, derived from the extraction of sugar cane or sugar beet juice.Food, food processing & cookwarePubChem
CEDs000547Preparation Of Malt?Malt preparation involves the germination and drying of cereal grains, primarily barley, to produce malt for brewing and food products.Food, food processing & cookwarePubChem
CEDs000548Preparation Of Vinegar?Vinegar is produced through the fermentation of ethanol by acetic acid bacteria, resulting in a solution that typically contains 4-8% acetic acid.Food, food processing & cookwarePubChem
CEDs000549Preparation Of Wine Or Sparkling Wine?The preparation of wine or sparkling wine involves various stages, including fermentation, aging, and bottling, which can introduce potential sources of synthetic chemical contamination.Food, food processing & cookwarePubChem
CEDs000550Preparation Of Wort?The preparation of wort involves the extraction of sugars from malted grains, a crucial step in the brewing process.Food, food processing & cookwarePubChem
CEDs000551Processing Fish?Processing fish can lead to synthetic chemical contamination through various stages of production and preservation.Food, food processing & cookwarePubChem
CEDs000552Processing Meats?Processing meats can lead to synthetic chemical contamination primarily through the use of additives and preservatives.Food, food processing & cookwarePubChem
CEDs000555Bleaching Agents?Bleaching agents are chemical substances used to whiten or lighten materials, often employed in various cleaning products for their stain removal and disinfecting properties.Household cleaning & consumer productsPubChem
CEDs000556Cigar Cigarettes?Cigar cigarettes are a source of synthetic chemical contamination due to the combustion of various tobacco blends and additives.Household cleaning & consumer productsPubChem
CEDs000558Match Receptables Or Boxes?Match receptacles or boxes, commonly used for storing matches, can be a source of synthetic chemical contamination due to the materials used in their construction and the chemicals involved in match production.Household cleaning & consumer productsPubChem
CEDs000559Non Electric Simulated Smoking Devices?Non-electric simulated smoking devices, often designed to mimic the experience of smoking without combustion, can be sources of synthetic chemical contamination due to the materials and chemicals used in their construction and operation.Household cleaning & consumer productsPubChem
CEDs000560Other Smoking Requisites?Other smoking requisites, including items such as lighters, matches, and rolling papers, can introduce synthetic chemical contamination through various components and additives.Household cleaning & consumer productsPubChem
CEDs000561Perfumes Within Detergents And Soaps?Perfumes within detergents and soaps are synthetic fragrance compounds added to enhance the sensory experience of cleaning products.Household cleaning & consumer productsPubChem
CEDs000562Pipe Accessories?Pipe accessories, such as fittings, connectors, and seals, are components used in plumbing systems to facilitate the flow of liquids and gases.Household cleaning & consumer productsPubChem
CEDs000563Soap Detergents?Soap detergents are synthetic surfactants designed to enhance the cleaning efficacy of water by reducing surface tension, allowing for better interaction with dirt and grease.Household cleaning & consumer productsPubChem
CEDs000564Soap Dispensers?Soap dispensers, commonly used for dispensing liquid soaps and sanitizers, can become a source of synthetic chemical contamination due to the materials used in their construction and the products they dispense.Household cleaning & consumer productsPubChem
CEDs000566Tobacco Pipes?Tobacco pipes, often made from materials such as plastic, wood, or metal, can serve as sources of synthetic chemical contamination due to the residues left by tobacco products.Household cleaning & consumer productsPubChem
CEDs000567Tobacco Product Cases?Tobacco product cases can serve as a source of synthetic chemical contamination due to the presence of various additives and chemicals used in tobacco processing and product manufacturing.Household cleaning & consumer productsPubChem
CEDs000569Tobacco Smoke Filters?Tobacco smoke filters are designed to reduce the inhalation of harmful substances in cigarette smoke, including tar and other particulate matter.Household cleaning & consumer productsPubChem
CEDs000572Credit Card Holders?Credit card holders are often manufactured using synthetic polymers such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polyurethane, which may contain additives like plasticizers, stabilizers, and flame retardants.Household itemsPubChem
CEDs000577Watch Chains?Watch chains, often made from various metals and synthetic materials, can be a source of chemical contamination due to the presence of coatings, adhesives, and plasticizers used in their manufacturing.Household itemsPubChem
CEDs000578Making Cigars?The process of making cigars involves several steps, including the cultivation of tobacco, fermentation, and the application of various additives to enhance flavor and preservation.Industrial manufacturing & chemical processingPubChem
CEDs000579Manufacture Of Iron Or Steel?The manufacture of iron or steel involves various processes, including smelting, refining, and alloying, which can result in the release of synthetic chemicals and contaminants.Industrial manufacturing & chemical processingPubChem
CEDs000580Manufacture Preparation Of Tobacco Products?The manufacture and preparation of tobacco products involve various processes that can result in the introduction of synthetic chemicals into the environment.Industrial manufacturing & chemical processingPubChem
CEDs000581Paper Making Machines?Paper making machines utilize various synthetic chemicals throughout the production process, including additives, coatings, and bleaching agents.Industrial manufacturing & chemical processingPubChem
CEDs000583Anchoring Equipment?Anchoring equipment, commonly used in marine applications, can be a source of synthetic chemical contamination due to the materials and coatings utilized in their manufacturing.Marine, shipping & aquaculturePubChem
CEDs000584Buoys?Buoys, often used for navigation and marine monitoring, can be sources of synthetic chemical contamination due to the materials and coatings employed in their construction.Marine, shipping & aquaculturePubChem
CEDs000589Life Buoys?Life buoys, commonly used in marine environments for safety and rescue operations, can be a source of synthetic chemical contamination due to the materials used in their production.Marine, shipping & aquaculturePubChem
CEDs000590Lifeboat Equipment?Lifeboat equipment typically includes various synthetic materials used in the construction of life rafts, flotation devices, and safety gear.Marine, shipping & aquaculturePubChem
CEDs000592Marine Propulsion Or Steering?Marine propulsion and steering systems often rely on various synthetic chemicals, including lubricants, fuels, and hydraulic fluids.Marine, shipping & aquaculturePubChem
CEDs000594Ship Hulls?Ship hulls are often treated with various synthetic chemicals to enhance durability, prevent corrosion, and inhibit the growth of marine organisms.Marine, shipping & aquaculturePubChem
CEDs000595Ships?Ships, as vehicles for international trade and transportation, can be significant sources of synthetic chemical contamination in marine environments.Marine, shipping & aquaculturePubChem
CEDs000598Fertiliser Distributors?Fertiliser distributors play a critical role in the supply of synthetic fertilizers, which are widely used to enhance soil fertility and crop yield.Agriculture & land managementPubChem
CEDs000600Herbicides And Algicides?Herbicides and algicides are synthetic chemicals primarily used to control unwanted plants and algae in various environments.Agriculture & land managementPubChem
CEDs000601Lawn Mowers?Lawn mowers, particularly those powered by gasoline, can be a source of synthetic chemical contamination due to the combustion of fossil fuels and the use of engine oils.Agriculture & land managementPubChem
CEDs000602Molluscicides?Molluscicides are synthetic chemicals specifically designed to control and eliminate mollusks, such as snails and slugs, which can be detrimental to crops and agricultural productivity.Agriculture & land managementPubChem
CEDs000603Nematocides?Nematocides are synthetic chemicals specifically designed to control nematodes, which are microscopic roundworms that can cause significant damage to crops and plants.Agriculture & land managementPubChem
CEDs000604Pest Attractants?Pest attractants are synthetic chemicals designed to lure specific pests for monitoring or control purposes.Agriculture & land managementPubChem
CEDs000605Pest Repellants?Pest repellents, often formulated from synthetic chemicals, are widely used to protect crops from insect infestations and other pests.Agriculture & land managementPubChem
CEDs000606Plant Growth Regulators?Plant Growth Regulators (PGRs) are synthetic chemicals designed to influence the growth and development of plants.Agriculture & land managementPubChem
CEDs000607Rodenticides(1)?Rodenticides are synthetic chemicals specifically formulated to control rodent populations, serving as a crucial tool in managing pests that can damage crops and spread diseases.Agriculture & land managementPubChem
CEDs000608Rodenticides?Rodenticides are chemical substances specifically designed to control rodent populations by causing death through various mechanisms, including anticoagulation or neurotoxicity.Agriculture & land managementPubChem
CEDs000609Aftershave?Aftershave is a grooming product typically used to soothe and protect the skin following shaving.Personal care & cosmeticsPubChem
CEDs000610Aftersun Products?Aftersun products are designed to soothe and hydrate the skin after sun exposure, often containing various synthetic chemicals such as emollients, preservatives, and fragrances.Personal care & cosmeticsPubChem
CEDs000611Anti Perspirants Or Body Deoderants?Antiperspirants and body deodorants commonly contain synthetic chemicals such as aluminum compounds, parabens, and synthetic fragrances.Personal care & cosmeticsPubChem
CEDs000612Body Washing Or Cleaning Implements?Body washing or cleaning implements, such as synthetic sponges, loofahs, and washcloths, can be sources of synthetic chemical contamination due to the materials used in their production.Personal care & cosmeticsPubChem
CEDs000613Depilatories?Depilatories are products designed to remove unwanted hair through the application of synthetic chemicals that break down the protein structure of hair, facilitating its removal.Personal care & cosmeticsPubChem
CEDs000614Essential Oils Or Perfumes?Essential oils and perfumes are complex mixtures of volatile compounds derived from natural or synthetic sources, commonly used for their aromatic properties.Personal care & cosmeticsPubChem
CEDs000615Eye Makeup Products?Eye makeup products, including mascaras, eyeliners, and eyeshadows, often contain a variety of synthetic chemicals such as pigments, preservatives, and film-forming agents.Personal care & cosmeticsPubChem
CEDs000616Face Mask Cosmetics?Face mask cosmetics often contain a variety of synthetic chemicals, including preservatives, emulsifiers, and fragrances, which can contribute to chemical contamination.Personal care & cosmeticsPubChem
CEDs000617Lip Care Products?Lip care products, including lipsticks, balms, and glosses, often contain a variety of synthetic chemicals such as parabens, phthalates, and synthetic fragrances.Personal care & cosmeticsPubChem
CEDs000618Lip Makeup Products?Lip makeup products, such as lipsticks, lip glosses, and lip liners, often contain a variety of synthetic chemicals, including pigments, preservatives, and emollients.Personal care & cosmeticsPubChem
CEDs000619Manicure Pedicure?Manicure and pedicure procedures often involve the use of various synthetic chemicals, including solvents, nail polishes, and nail adhesives.Personal care & cosmeticsPubChem
CEDs000620Card Games?Card games often utilize synthetic materials for playing cards and associated gaming equipment, which may contain various chemicals such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC), plastics, and dyes.Recreation & sports surfacesPubChem
CEDs000621Chutes And Slides?Chutes and slides, commonly found in playgrounds and recreational areas, are often constructed from synthetic materials such as plastics and rubber.Recreation & sports surfacesPubChem
CEDs000624Merry Go Rounds?Merry-go-rounds, commonly found in playgrounds and recreational areas, can be a source of synthetic chemical contamination primarily due to the materials used in their construction.Recreation & sports surfacesPubChem
CEDs000630Toys?Toys, particularly those made from synthetic materials such as plastics, can be a source of chemical contamination due to the presence of various additives and compounds used in their production.Recreation & sports surfacesPubChem
CEDs000632Apparel?Apparel production often involves the use of various synthetic chemicals, including dyes, finishing agents, and preservatives.Textiles, leather & furnishingsPubChem
CEDs000634Buckles?Buckles, commonly used as fasteners in clothing, accessories, and furniture, can be a source of synthetic chemical contamination due to the materials and coatings employed in their production.Textiles, leather & furnishingsPubChem
CEDs000635Buttons?Buttons, often made from synthetic materials such as polyester, nylon, or polycarbonate, can be a source of synthetic chemical contamination during their production, use, and disposal.Textiles, leather & furnishingsPubChem
CEDs000638Decorating Textiles?Decorating textiles often involves the use of synthetic chemicals such as dyes, finishes, and coatings.Textiles, leather & furnishingsPubChem
CEDs000639Degreasing Leather?Degreasing leather involves the removal of natural fats and oils from animal hides to prepare them for tanning and finishing processes.Textiles, leather & furnishingsPubChem
CEDs000640Embroidering And Tufting?Embroidering and tufting processes often involve the use of synthetic chemicals such as dyes, adhesives, and finishing agents.Textiles, leather & furnishingsPubChem
CEDs000641Foam Dyeing?Foam dyeing is a textile dyeing technique that utilizes a foaming agent to create a dye solution in a gaseous form, allowing for the application of dyes onto fabrics.Textiles, leather & furnishingsPubChem
CEDs000642Footwear?Footwear production often involves the use of various synthetic chemicals, such as adhesives, dyes, and treatments, which can contribute to environmental contamination.Textiles, leather & furnishingsPubChem
CEDs000643Headwear?Headwear made from synthetic materials often incorporates chemicals used in the manufacturing and finishing processes, such as dyes, flame retardants, and water repellents.Textiles, leather & furnishingsPubChem
CEDs000647Multicolour Dyeing?Multicolour dyeing involves the application of multiple synthetic dyes to textiles and other materials to achieve vibrant, diverse color patterns.Textiles, leather & furnishingsPubChem
CEDs000650Purses Luggage Hand Bags?Purses, luggage, and handbags are often manufactured using synthetic materials such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyurethane, and various types of nylon.Textiles, leather & furnishingsPubChem
CEDs000651Purses Money Bags Wallets?Purses, money bags, and wallets are often manufactured using synthetic materials, including plastics, polyurethanes, and various treated fabrics.Textiles, leather & furnishingsPubChem
CEDs000652Ropes?Ropes manufactured from synthetic fibers, such as polypropylene, nylon, and polyester, are widely used in various applications, including marine, construction, and outdoor activities.Textiles, leather & furnishingsPubChem
CEDs000653Sewing?Sewing processes often involve the use of various synthetic chemicals, which can become sources of contamination in the environment.Textiles, leather & furnishingsPubChem
CEDs000655Slide Fasteners?Slide fasteners, commonly known as zippers, are mechanical devices used to join two edges of fabric or other materials.Textiles, leather & furnishingsPubChem
CEDs000657Surface Finishing Of Leather?Surface finishing of leather often involves the use of various synthetic chemicals, including dyes, resins, and finishing agents.Textiles, leather & furnishingsPubChem
CEDs000658Touch Fasteners?Touch fasteners, commonly known as hook-and-loop fasteners, are composed of synthetic materials such as nylon or polyester.Textiles, leather & furnishingsPubChem
CEDs000659Transfer Printing?Transfer printing is a process used to apply designs and patterns onto various substrates, commonly utilizing synthetic dyes and inks that can contain hazardous chemicals.Textiles, leather & furnishingsPubChem
CEDs000661Umbrellas?Umbrellas are commonly manufactured using synthetic materials such as polyester, nylon, and polyvinyl chloride (PVC), which can contribute to synthetic chemical contamination.Textiles, leather & furnishingsPubChem
CEDs000662Yarns Or Threads?Yarns or threads used in textiles can be a source of synthetic chemical contamination due to the production processes and treatments they undergo.Textiles, leather & furnishingsPubChem
CEDs000665Fire Extinguishers?Fire extinguishers contain various synthetic chemicals designed to suppress flames and prevent the spread of fire.Fire suppression systems & agentsPubChem
CEDs000666Flame Traps?Flame traps are devices designed to prevent the propagation of flames and explosions by allowing gases to escape while blocking flames.Fire suppression systems & agentsPubChem
CEDs000669PFAS Fire Fighting Foam?PFAS fire fighting foam refers to a class of synthetic foams containing per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), which are designed to suppress flammable liquid fires.Fire suppression systems & agentsPubChem
CEDs000670Solid Fire Fighting Substances?Solid fire fighting substances, such as certain types of dry chemical powders, are used in fire suppression applications to extinguish flames and prevent fire spread.Fire suppression systems & agentsPubChem
CEDs000671Airplanes And Helicopters?Airplanes and helicopters are significant sources of synthetic chemical contamination primarily through the use of aviation fuels, lubricants, and de-icing agents.Aviation & AerospacePubChem
CEDs000672Light Than Air Aircraft?Light than air aircraft, such as dirigibles and airships, utilize lifting gases like helium or hydrogen for buoyancy.Aviation & AerospacePubChem
CEDs000673Unmanned Aerial Vehicles?Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), commonly known as drones, utilize various synthetic chemicals in their manufacturing, operation, and maintenance processes.Aviation & AerospacePubChem
CEDs000678Nitrogenous Fertilisers?Nitrogenous fertilizers are synthetic chemical compounds primarily used to enhance plant growth by supplying essential nitrogen, a crucial nutrient for photosynthesis and protein synthesis.Agriculture & land managementPubChem
CEDs000679Phosphatic Fertilisers?Phosphatic fertilizers are synthetic chemical products primarily composed of phosphorus, which is essential for plant growth.Agriculture & land managementPubChem
CEDs000684Cements?Cements are a composite material primarily used as a binding agent in construction applications, formed by the calcination of limestone and clay minerals at high temperatures.Building & ConstructionPubChem
CEDs000685Ceramics?Ceramics can be a source of synthetic chemical contamination through various additives and processing agents used in their production.Building & ConstructionPubChem
CEDs000686Clay Wares?Clay wares are ceramic products made from natural clay, often utilized in various construction applications such as tiles, bricks, and sanitary ware.Building & ConstructionPubChem
CEDs000688Glass Coatings?Glass coatings are synthetic chemical formulations applied to glass surfaces to enhance properties such as durability, UV resistance, and aesthetic appeal.Building & ConstructionPubChem
CEDs000689Glass Fibres?Glass fibres are composed of fine strands of glass, commonly utilized for their tensile strength and lightweight properties.Building & ConstructionPubChem
CEDs000690Lime?Lime, primarily comprised of calcium oxide (CaO) or calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)₂), is widely used in various applications, including as a key ingredient in mortars, plasters, and cement.Building & ConstructionPubChem
CEDs000692Silica Free Oxide Glass?Silica Free Oxide Glass is a type of glass that is produced using alternative materials to traditional silica-based formulations.Building & ConstructionPubChem
CEDs000693Silica Glass?Silica glass, primarily composed of silicon dioxide (SiO2), is widely used in various applications, including windows, glass facades, and insulation materials.Building & ConstructionPubChem
CEDs000696Nanotechnology?Nanotechnology involves the manipulation of materials at the molecular or atomic level, typically within the range of 1 to 100 nanometers.Industrial manufacturing & chemical processingPubChem
CEDs000697Submarines?Submarines, while essential for military and research purposes, can be a source of synthetic chemical contamination due to their use of various industrial chemicals.Marine, shipping & aquaculturePubChem
CEDs000698Jewellery?Jewellery production often involves the use of various synthetic chemicals during the extraction and processing of metals.Mining & metal processingPubChem
CEDs000699Mining Or Quarrying?Mining and quarrying operations can lead to synthetic chemical contamination through the release of various pollutants associated with the extraction and processing of minerals.Mining & metal processingPubChem
CEDs000701Ventilation Of Mines Or Tunnels?Ventilation in mines or tunnels is essential for maintaining air quality and ensuring the safety of workers.Mining & metal processingPubChem
CEDs000702Blackboard Eraser?Blackboard erasers are commonly used tools for removing chalk from blackboards, and they often contain synthetic materials such as rubber, plastics, and adhesives.Paper, pulp & fiber productsPubChem
CEDs000703Blackboards?Blackboards, traditionally made from slate or coated wood, can also be produced using synthetic materials that may contain various chemicals.Paper, pulp & fiber productsPubChem
CEDs000705Bookbinding?Bookbinding involves the use of various synthetic chemicals, including adhesives, inks, and coatings, which can contribute to environmental contamination.Paper, pulp & fiber productsPubChem
CEDs000706Bookmarkers?Bookmarkers, often made from paper or cardstock, can be a source of synthetic chemical contamination due to the use of various inks, coatings, and adhesives in their production.Paper, pulp & fiber productsPubChem
CEDs000707Books?Books can be a source of synthetic chemical contamination due to the use of various chemicals in their production and preservation processes.Paper, pulp & fiber productsPubChem
CEDs000711Coloured Pencils?Coloured pencils are commonly used tools for artistic expression and education, composed primarily of a wood casing and a core made from a mixture of pigments, binders, and waxes.Paper, pulp & fiber productsPubChem
CEDs000712Combination Pens?Combination pens, which typically contain both ink and additional functionalities such as highlighters or stylus tips, may contribute to synthetic chemical contamination primarily through their ink formulations and plastic components.Paper, pulp & fiber productsPubChem
CEDs000714Embossing Machines?Embossing machines are industrial devices used to create raised patterns or designs on materials, including paper and fiber products.Paper, pulp & fiber productsPubChem
CEDs000716Erasers?Erasers, commonly used in writing and drawing applications, are often made from synthetic rubber or thermoplastic materials, which can contain various additives such as plasticizers, fillers, and colorants.Paper, pulp & fiber productsPubChem
CEDs000717Fountain Pens?Fountain pens utilize a liquid ink that often contains synthetic chemicals, including dyes, pigments, and solvents, which can contribute to environmental contamination.Paper, pulp & fiber productsPubChem
CEDs000718Ink Receptacles?Ink receptacles, commonly utilized in printing processes, can be a source of synthetic chemical contamination due to the solvents, pigments, and additives contained within the inks.Paper, pulp & fiber productsPubChem
CEDs000720Ink Reservoir Pens2?Ink reservoir pens are writing instruments that utilize a reservoir to store ink, which is often composed of synthetic dyes, solvents, and additives.Paper, pulp & fiber productsPubChem
CEDs000721Ink Stand?Ink stands are used in various printing processes where synthetic inks are applied to paper and other substrates.Paper, pulp & fiber productsPubChem
CEDs000724Pencil Sharpener?A pencil sharpener, commonly used in various settings for maintaining the sharpness of pencils, can be a source of synthetic chemical contamination primarily through the materials from which it is constructed.Paper, pulp & fiber productsPubChem
CEDs000726Pens?Pens, commonly utilized for writing and marking, can be a source of synthetic chemical contamination primarily due to the materials used in their manufacturing.Paper, pulp & fiber productsPubChem
CEDs000727Printing Machines Or Presses?Printing machines or presses commonly utilize synthetic chemicals such as inks, solvents, and cleaning agents.Paper, pulp & fiber productsPubChem
CEDs000729Stamps?Stamps, particularly those produced using synthetic inks and adhesives, can contribute to chemical contamination when disposed of improperly.Paper, pulp & fiber productsPubChem
CEDs000733Walking Sticks?Walking sticks, while primarily designed for mobility assistance, can be sources of synthetic chemical contamination if not properly manufactured or maintained.Healthcare, pharmaceuticals & veterinary productsPubChem
CEDs000734Coating Compositions?Coating compositions, which include paints, sealants, and varnishes, are formulated with a variety of synthetic chemicals such as solvents, resins, pigments, and additives.Building & ConstructionPubChem
CEDs000735Explosives?Explosives are chemical compounds or mixtures designed to undergo rapid decomposition, releasing energy in the form of gas and heat.Defense & military infrastructurePubChem
CEDs000736Fuses?Fuses are safety devices designed to protect electrical circuits by breaking the circuit when excessive current flows through.Electrical & Electronic EquipmentPubChem
CEDs000737Chemical Igniters?Chemical igniters are substances or devices designed to initiate combustion in various applications, often found in products like lighters, candles, and certain household cleaning agents.Household itemsPubChem
CEDs000738Cooling Circuit Water?Cooling circuit water is utilized in various industrial processes to absorb and dissipate heat generated during operations.Industrial manufacturing & chemical processingPubChem
CEDs000739Inks?Inks are complex mixtures composed of pigments or dyes, solvents, resins, and additives used primarily for printing and writing applications.Paper, pulp & fiber productsPubChem
CEDs000740Paper?Paper production involves the processing of wood fibers and the use of various chemicals, which can lead to synthetic chemical contamination.Paper, pulp & fiber productsPubChem
CEDs000741Pigment Pastes?Pigment pastes are concentrated dispersions of pigments used to impart color and properties to materials.Paper, pulp & fiber productsPubChem
CEDs000742Leather Tanning?Leather tanning is a process that transforms raw animal hides into durable leather through the application of various chemicals, including chromium salts, aldehydes, and vegetable tannins.Textiles, leather & furnishingsPubChem
CEDs000743Sludge Treatment?Sludge treatment involves the processing of waste materials generated from wastewater treatment plants, which often contain a variety of organic and inorganic substances.Wastewater, sanitation & biosolidsPubChem
CEDs000744Water, Wastewater, & Sewage Treatment?Water, wastewater, and sewage treatment processes are critical for managing and mitigating pollutants in water systems.Wastewater, sanitation & biosolidsPubChem
CEDs02270RiverAquatic systems & sedimentsPMC10354164
CEDs02289StreamAquatic systems & sedimentsPMC10354164
CEDs03047Wastewater Treatment Plant EffluentsWastewater, sanitation & biosolidsPMC10917811
Pathways
2 pathwaysPathway Source: PathBank
Targets
StructureProteinUniProt IDOrganismRelationshipDetails
Glucocorticoid receptor structureClick to view 3D structureGlucocorticoid receptorP04150HumansKnownNot Available
Androgen receptor structureClick to view 3D structureAndrogen receptorP10275HumansKnownNot Available
Progesterone receptor structureClick to view 3D structureProgesterone receptorP06401HumansKnownNot Available
Androgen receptor structureClick to view 3D structureAndrogen receptorP15207Rattus norvegicusPredicted (SEA)
Prediction Confidence Score
0.679
Applicability Domain
1.0
Statistical Significance
6.00e-05
Supporting Reference Compounds
73
E-value
0.467095
Sex hormone-binding globulin structureClick to view 3D structureSex hormone-binding globulinP04278HumansPredicted (SEA)
Prediction Confidence Score
0.679
Applicability Domain
1.0
Statistical Significance
3.00e-05
Supporting Reference Compounds
33
E-value
0.233548
Click to view 3D structureProgesterone receptorQ690N0Bos taurusPredicted (SEA)
Prediction Confidence Score
0.679
Applicability Domain
1.0
Statistical Significance
1.00e-05
Supporting Reference Compounds
40
E-value
0.0778492
Glucocorticoid receptor structureClick to view 3D structureGlucocorticoid receptorP04150HumansPredicted (SEA)
Prediction Confidence Score
0.653
Applicability Domain
1.0
Statistical Significance
9.00e-05
Supporting Reference Compounds
154
E-value
0.700643
Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter structureClick to view 3D structureSodium-dependent serotonin transporterP31645HumansPredicted (SEA)
Prediction Confidence Score
0.633
Applicability Domain
1.0
Statistical Significance
5.00e-04
Supporting Reference Compounds
593
E-value
3.89246
Estrogen receptor structureClick to view 3D structureEstrogen receptorP03372HumansPredicted (SEA)
Prediction Confidence Score
0.578
Applicability Domain
1.0
Statistical Significance
2.70e-04
Supporting Reference Compounds
201
E-value
2.10193
Progesterone receptor structureClick to view 3D structureProgesterone receptorP06401HumansPredicted (SEA)
Prediction Confidence Score
0.487
Applicability Domain
1.0
Statistical Significance
5.90e-04
Supporting Reference Compounds
119
E-value
4.5931
Sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter structureClick to view 3D structureSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporterP23975HumansPredicted (SEA)
Prediction Confidence Score
0.408
Applicability Domain
0.5
Statistical Significance
0.0044
Supporting Reference Compounds
451
E-value
34.4094
Corticosteroid-binding globulin structureClick to view 3D structureCorticosteroid-binding globulinP08185HumansPredicted (SEA)
Prediction Confidence Score
0.386
Applicability Domain
0.566
Statistical Significance
0.001
Supporting Reference Compounds
21
E-value
8.01847
Click to view 3D structureGlucocorticoid receptorQ9N1U3Sus scrofaPredicted (SEA)
Prediction Confidence Score
0.377
Applicability Domain
0.434
Statistical Significance
2.10e-04
Supporting Reference Compounds
2
E-value
1.63483
Cytochrome P450 2C8 structureClick to view 3D structureCytochrome P450 2C8P10632HumansPredicted (SEA)
Prediction Confidence Score
0.372
Applicability Domain
0.439
Statistical Significance
0.0046
Supporting Reference Compounds
305
E-value
35.9663
Bile salt export pump structureClick to view 3D structureBile salt export pumpO95342HumansPredicted (SEA)
Prediction Confidence Score
0.368
Applicability Domain
0.5
Statistical Significance
7.10e-04
Supporting Reference Compounds
104
E-value
5.52729
Androgen receptor structureClick to view 3D structureAndrogen receptorP10275HumansPredicted (SEA)
Prediction Confidence Score
0.366
Applicability Domain
0.434
Statistical Significance
0.0037
Supporting Reference Compounds
146
E-value
28.4928
Cytochrome P450 2C9 structureClick to view 3D structureCytochrome P450 2C9P11712HumansPredicted (SEA)
Prediction Confidence Score
0.361
Applicability Domain
0.439
Statistical Significance
0.0349
Supporting Reference Compounds
1245
E-value
272.005
Cytochrome P450 3A4 structureClick to view 3D structureCytochrome P450 3A4P08684HumansPredicted (SEA)
Prediction Confidence Score
0.347
Applicability Domain
0.434
Statistical Significance
0.057
Supporting Reference Compounds
1538
E-value
444.052
Estrogen receptor beta structureClick to view 3D structureEstrogen receptor betaQ92731HumansPredicted (SEA)
Prediction Confidence Score
0.34
Applicability Domain
0.5
Statistical Significance
0.0048
Supporting Reference Compounds
174
E-value
37.7569
Glucocorticoid receptor structureClick to view 3D structureGlucocorticoid receptorP06536Rattus norvegicusPredicted (SEA)
Prediction Confidence Score
0.337
Applicability Domain
0.434
Statistical Significance
8.60e-04
Supporting Reference Compounds
26
E-value
6.69503
Mineralocorticoid receptor structureClick to view 3D structureMineralocorticoid receptorP08235HumansPredicted (SEA)
Prediction Confidence Score
0.337
Applicability Domain
0.391
Statistical Significance
0.0028
Supporting Reference Compounds
74
E-value
22.187
Cytochrome P450 2C19 structureClick to view 3D structureCytochrome P450 2C19P33261HumansPredicted (SEA)
Prediction Confidence Score
0.332
Applicability Domain
0.458
Statistical Significance
0.0313
Supporting Reference Compounds
825
E-value
243.435
Sodium-dependent dopamine transporter structureClick to view 3D structureSodium-dependent dopamine transporterQ01959HumansPredicted (SEA)
Prediction Confidence Score
0.328
Applicability Domain
0.5
Statistical Significance
0.0212
Supporting Reference Compounds
506
E-value
165.196
Glucocorticoid receptor structureClick to view 3D structureGlucocorticoid receptorP06537Mus musculusPredicted (SEA)
Prediction Confidence Score
0.294
Applicability Domain
0.324
Statistical Significance
6.40e-04
Supporting Reference Compounds
10
E-value
4.98235
Polyunsaturated fatty acid lipoxygenase ALOX15 structureClick to view 3D structurePolyunsaturated fatty acid lipoxygenase ALOX15P12530Oryctolagus cuniculusPredicted (SEA)
Prediction Confidence Score
0.294
Applicability Domain
0.5
Statistical Significance
0.0017
Supporting Reference Compounds
47
E-value
13.0787
Androgen receptor structureClick to view 3D structureAndrogen receptorP19091Mus musculusPredicted (SEA)
Prediction Confidence Score
0.288
Applicability Domain
0.317
Statistical Significance
0.0018
Supporting Reference Compounds
19
E-value
13.935
Aromatase structureClick to view 3D structureAromataseP11511HumansPredicted (SEA)
Prediction Confidence Score
0.286
Applicability Domain
0.322
Statistical Significance
0.0118
Supporting Reference Compounds
127
E-value
91.5507
Click to view 3D structureGlucocorticoid receptorA0A8C0QLS2Canis lupus familiarisPredicted (SEA)
Prediction Confidence Score
0.282
Applicability Domain
0.434
Statistical Significance
2.30e-04
Supporting Reference Compounds
3
E-value
1.79053
Androgen receptor structureClick to view 3D structureAndrogen receptorP10275HumansKnownNot Available
Estrogen receptor structureClick to view 3D structureEstrogen receptorP03372HumansKnownNot Available
Progesterone receptor structureClick to view 3D structureProgesterone receptorP06401HumansKnownNot Available
Glucocorticoid receptor structureClick to view 3D structureGlucocorticoid receptorP04150HumansKnownNot Available
Cytochrome P450 2C19 structureClick to view 3D structureCytochrome P450 2C19P33261HumansKnownNot Available
Estrogen receptor beta structureClick to view 3D structureEstrogen receptor betaQ92731HumansKnownNot Available
Concentrations
Not Available
External Links
DrugBank IDDB00717
HMDB IDHMDB0014855
FooDB IDNot Available
Phenol Explorer IDNot Available
KNApSAcK IDNot Available
BiGG IDNot Available
BioCyc IDNot Available
METLIN IDNot Available
PDB IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkNorethisterone
Chemspider ID5994
ChEBI ID7627
PubChem Compound ID6230
Kegg Compound IDC05028
YMDB IDNot Available
ECMDB IDNot Available
References
Synthesis ReferenceNot Available
MSDSLink
General References
  1. Knox SA, Viney RC, Gu Y, Hole AR, Fiebig DG, Street DJ, Haas MR, Weisberg E, Bateson D: The effect of adverse information and positive promotion on women's preferences for prescribed contraceptive products. Soc Sci Med. 2013 Apr;83:70-80. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.12.025. Epub 2013 Jan 5. [PubMed: 23351426]
  2. Karkar A: Pregnancy and contraceptive issues in renal transplant recipients. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2008 Mar;19(2):165-73. [PubMed: 18310862]
  3. Debski R, Kotarski J, Paszkowski T, Pawelczyk L, Skrzypulec V, Tomaszewski J: [The statement of Polish Gynecological Society experts on oral use of contraceptive 75 microg desogestrel minipill in different clinical cases--state of art in 2008]. Ginekol Pol. 2009 Jan;80(1):63-75. [PubMed: 19323063]
  4. Rabe T, Grunwald K, Runnebaum B: [Future prospects in contraception]. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 1995;257(1-4):541-7. [PubMed: 8579440]
  5. Tscherne G: [Benefits and risks of hormonal contraception]. Gynakol Geburtshilfliche Rundsch. 1992;32(3):174-6. [PubMed: 1467664]
  6. Spornitz UM: The functional morphology of the human endometrium and decidua. Adv Anat Embryol Cell Biol. 1992;124:1-99. [PubMed: 1561944]
  7. Kovacs G: Progestogen-only pills and bleeding disturbances. Hum Reprod. 1996 Oct;11 Suppl 2:20-3. [PubMed: 8982741]
  8. Lauritzen C: [Prevention of conception in adolescence]. Ther Umsch. 1994 May;51(5):314-24. [PubMed: 8016756]
  9. Emergency contraception hot line launched. Reprod Freedom News. 1996 Feb 23;5(4):7. [PubMed: 12290778]
  10. Maximizing the use of the progestin minipill. Contracept Technol Update. 1999 Feb;20(2):19-21. [PubMed: 12294591]
  11. Dorea JG, Miazaki ES: The effects of oral contraceptive use on iron and copper concentrations in breast milk. Fertil Steril. 1999 Aug;72(2):297-301. [PubMed: 10438999]
  12. Benagiano G, Bastianelli C, Farris M: Hormonal contraception: state of the art and future perspectives. Minerva Ginecol. 2007 Jun;59(3):241-70. [PubMed: 17576403]
  13. Benagiano G, Primiero FM: Seventy-five microgram desogestrel minipill, a new perspective in estrogen-free contraception. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003 Nov;997:163-73. [PubMed: 14644823]
  14. Is Cerazette the minipill of choice? Drug Ther Bull. 2003 Sep;41(9):68-9. [PubMed: 14531209]
  15. Benagiano G, Bastianelli C, Farris M: Contraception today. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006 Dec;1092:1-32. [PubMed: 17308130]
  16. Helleday J, Siwers B, Ritzen EM, Carlstrom K: Subnormal androgen and elevated progesterone levels in women treated for congenital virilizing 21-hydroxylase deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1993 Apr;76(4):933-6. [PubMed: 8473408]
  17. International Agency for Research on Cancer (2014). IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. - http://monographs.iarc.fr/index.php
  18. FDA label