Eugenol (CED0001988)

Eugenol belongs to the methoxyphenols, a subclass of phenols within the organic compounds. This benzenoid has the formula C10H12O2 and an average molecular weight of 164.20 g/mol. It is an exogenous solid at room temperature. Industrially, eugenol is used as a fragrance, humectant, pesticide, fumigant, and as a flavouring and nutrient (PMC11085284, PMC4980782, PMC8659182, PMC9423984). Biologically, it acts as an antioxidant (PMC11085284, PMC4980782, PMC8659182, PMC9423984), an anti-inflammatory agent and drug (PMC8659182), an analgesic (PMC6920854), and a local anaesthetic (PMC6920854). It acts as a binder or inhibitor of the Androgen receptor (AR), Estrogen receptor (ESR1), Estrogen receptor beta (ESR2), Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG), and three other proteins. Eugenol is found in 57 recorded sources, including drinking water, textiles, leather, furnishings, building and construction materials, food contact materials, food packaging, and household cleaning and consumer products such as perfumes within detergents and soaps, bleaching agents, and smoking requisites. It is also present in electrical and electronic equipment, including batteries, cell phones, capacitors, printed circuit boards, and wires and cables. Exposure occurs via touch, inhalation, and oral routes. Regarding plastics, eugenol is used in low-density polyethylene and released in polyethylene terephthalate, while results are inconclusive for polypropylene and not detected in polycarbonate. Therapeutically, eugenol is a treatment for cancer and melanoma (PMC8659182). It has therapeutic effects on inflammation, pain, leukemia, and various cancers, including breast, prostate, cervical, skin, colon, lung, and colorectal cancer (PMC12564310, PMC8659182). However, it is associated with allergic contact dermatitis and colorectal cancer (PMC8659182).