Pyrrolidone (CED0001797)

Record Information
Version1.0
Creation Date2016-05-19 04:06:50 UTC
Update Date2026-08-22 18:36:08 UTC
Accession NumberCHEM013047
Identification
Common NamePyrrolidone
ClassSmall Molecule
Description
Pyrrolidone is an organic compound with the chemical formula C4H7NO and an average molecular weight of 85.10 g/mol. Pyrrolidone belongs to the pyrrolidones, a subclass of pyrrolidines within the organic compounds. In industrial applications, this organoheterocyclic compound serves multiple roles as a solvent, plasticizer, film former, and humectant. The compound is identified in 40 recorded sources across various sectors. Within electrical and electronic equipment, it is found in amplifiers, antennas, auxiliary devices, coils, and communication cables or conductors, among 15 other items. It is present in household cleaning and consumer products, including bleaching agents, perfumes within detergents and soaps, cigar cigarettes, other smoking requisites, and pipe accessories, as well as 4 additional products. In the realm of food, food processing, and cookware, it is associated with the preparation of vinegar, the preparation of wine or sparkling wine, food preservation, fermentation processes for beer, and agglomerated sugar products, along with 2 other sources. Additionally, it is recorded in building and construction materials such as floors, tents, or canopies. It has also been detected in drinking water and water supply, as well as in household items like watch chains. The recorded exposure route for this compound is oral.
Contaminant TypeNot Available
Chemical Structure
Synonyms
ValueSource
1-Azacyclopentan-2-oneChEBI
2-KetopyrrolidineChEBI
2-OxopyrrolidineChEBI
2-PyrrolidoneChEBI
4-Aminobutyric acid lactamChEBI
alpha-PyrrolidinoneChEBI
alpha-PyrrolidoneChEBI
ButyrolactamChEBI
gamma-Aminobutyric acid lactamChEBI
gamma-Aminobutyric lactamChEBI
gamma-ButyrolactamChEBI
PyrrolidinoneChEBI
PyrrolidoneChEBI
4-Aminobutyrate lactamGenerator
a-PyrrolidinoneGenerator
Α-pyrrolidinoneGenerator
a-PyrrolidoneGenerator
Α-pyrrolidoneGenerator
g-Aminobutyrate lactamGenerator
g-Aminobutyric acid lactamGenerator
gamma-Aminobutyrate lactamGenerator
Γ-aminobutyrate lactamGenerator
Γ-aminobutyric acid lactamGenerator
g-Aminobutyric lactamGenerator
Γ-aminobutyric lactamGenerator
g-ButyrolactamGenerator
Γ-butyrolactamGenerator
2-Pyrrolidone, hydrotribromideHMDB
2-Pyrrolidone, rubidium saltHMDB
2-Pyrrolidone, (18)O-labeledHMDB
2-Pyrrolidone, 5-(14)C-labeledHMDB
2-Pyrrolidone, potassium saltHMDB
2-Pyrrolidone, sodium saltHMDB
2-Pyrrolidone, aluminum saltHMDB
2-Pyrrolidone, cerium saltHMDB
2-Pyrrolidone, hydrobromideHMDB
2-Pyrrolidone, hydrochlorideHMDB
2-Pyrrolidone, lithium saltHMDB
1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinoneHMDB
2-Pyrol4-aminobutyric acid lactamHMDB
2-Pyrrolidone for synthesisHMDB
2-Pyrrolidone-butyrolactamHMDB
Aminobutyric acid lactamHMDB
Aminobutyric lactamHMDB
AminobutyrolactamHMDB
N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinoneHMDB
Pyrrolidin-2-oneHMDB
PyrrolidonHMDB
Pyrrolidone-2HMDB
TetrahydropyrroloneHMDB
2-PyrrolidinoneChEBI
Chemical FormulaC4H7NO
Average Molecular Mass85.105 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass85.053 g/mol
CAS Registry Number616-45-5
IUPAC Namepyrrolidin-2-one
Traditional Namepyrrolidone
SMILESO=C1CCCN1
InChI IdentifierInChI=1S/C4H7NO/c6-4-2-1-3-5-4/h1-3H2,(H,5,6)
InChI KeyHNJBEVLQSNELDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrrolidine-2-ones. These are pyrrolidines which bear a C=O group at position 2 of the pyrrolidine ring.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassOrganoheterocyclic compounds
ClassPyrrolidines
Sub ClassPyrrolidones
Direct ParentPyrrolidine-2-ones
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • 2-pyrrolidone
  • Secondary carboxylic acid amide
  • Lactam
  • Carboxamide group
  • Azacycle
  • Carboxylic acid derivative
  • Organic nitrogen compound
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Organopnictogen compound
  • Organic oxide
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Organonitrogen compound
  • Carbonyl group
  • Aliphatic heteromonocyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAliphatic heteromonocyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Biological Properties
StatusDetected and Not Quantified
OriginNot Available
Cellular LocationsNot Available
Biofluid LocationsNot Available
Tissue LocationsNot Available
ApplicationsNot Available
Biological RolesNot Available
Chemical RolesNot Available
Organoleptic EffectsNot Available
Physical Properties
StateNot Available
AppearanceNot Available
Experimental Properties
PropertyValue
Melting PointNot Available
Boiling PointNot Available
SolubilityNot Available
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility537 g/LALOGPS
logP-0.9ALOGPS
logP-0.58ChemAxon
logS0.8ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)14.75ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)-1.8ChemAxon
Physiological Charge0ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count1ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count1ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area29.1 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count0ChemAxon
Refractivity22.26 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability8.7 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings1ChemAxon
BioavailabilityYesChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterNoChemAxon
Veber's RuleYesChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemAxon
Spectra
Spectra
Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateView
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrumsplash10-052o-9000000000-d44f6a4946e1e56b0ffdNot AvailableView Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrumsplash10-001c-9000000000-7fd58ea01b9edb8fc097Not AvailableView Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrumsplash10-052o-9000000000-d44f6a4946e1e56b0ffdNot AvailableView Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrumsplash10-001c-9000000000-7fd58ea01b9edb8fc097Not AvailableView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrumsplash10-004u-9000000000-8bce2b1b7929b037ee02Not AvailableView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS SpectrumNot AvailableNot AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-000i-9000000000-ac4fb667bd839cbe2147Not AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-000f-9000000000-7afd271c8dc78f370c0fNot AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-0006-9000000000-6edec43d002984d510ffNot AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-001c-9000000000-7fd58ea01b9edb8fc097Not AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-000i-9000000000-5e09ef43c99819d9f8adNot AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-0006-9000000000-3419ae017414eda1110bNot AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-0006-9000000000-1c1b65daa8499010e830Not AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-000i-9000000000-8e3628eb4d63a2658f3fNot AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-000i-9000000000-1c738f000f77bcae59a4Not AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-000i-9000000000-12adad03a58d29a8697aNot AvailableView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-000i-9000000000-ea2049081fa6f29e9374Not AvailableView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-052r-9000000000-cf8e02717d036ce75838Not AvailableView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-0006-9000000000-60b2774f4df85cf35f42Not AvailableView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-001i-9000000000-a6c63aa4660c4b4a55a5Not AvailableView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-001i-9000000000-e1cf6ff92627fd5af9d2Not AvailableView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-0006-9000000000-d318928d5db43685e331Not AvailableView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-000i-9000000000-50cfba44c106ce6093a2Not AvailableView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-000l-9000000000-5f81adff74df698e8624Not AvailableView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-0006-9000000000-b796916e4f24c4e72274Not AvailableView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-001i-9000000000-919a1a67b255c27b096aNot AvailableView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-001i-9000000000-34255acdab060a6f5c3bNot AvailableView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-0006-9000000000-ea12af8610d048612a8aNot AvailableView Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, D2O, predicted)Not AvailableNot AvailableView Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, D2O, predicted)Not AvailableNot AvailableView Spectrum
Toxicity Profile
Mechanism of ToxicityNot Available
Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification)Not Available
Minimum Risk LevelNot Available
SymptomsNot Available
TreatmentNot Available
Toxicity Values
Toxicity ValueUnitValue RangeOrganismDose DescriptorRoute of ExposurePredicted or ExperimentalReference
269.0Log mg/kg[150:480]RatLD50oralpredictedNot Available
Health Effects
Health EffectRelationshipDirectionReference
Exposure Sources
Source IDSourceSectorReference
10InsecticidesAgriculture & land managementNot Available
115Drinking waterDrinking water & water supplyNot Available
233BrushesPersonal care & cosmeticsNot Available
497FloorsBuilding & ConstructionNot Available
503Tents Or CanopiesBuilding & ConstructionNot Available
505AmplifiersElectrical & Electronic EquipmentNot Available
506AntennasElectrical & Electronic EquipmentNot Available
507Auxiliary DevicesElectrical & Electronic EquipmentNot Available
508CoilsElectrical & Electronic EquipmentNot Available
510Communication Cables Or ConductorsElectrical & Electronic EquipmentNot Available
511Conductors Or Conductive Bodies Characterised By The Conductive MaterialsElectrical & Electronic EquipmentNot Available
516Electric Hearing AidsElectrical & Electronic EquipmentNot Available
517Electric SwitchesElectrical & Electronic EquipmentNot Available
518Electrically Stimulated Smoking DevicesElectrical & Electronic EquipmentNot Available
520Emergency Protective DevicesElectrical & Electronic EquipmentNot Available
521Fixed Capacitors And Their ManufactureElectrical & Electronic EquipmentNot Available
524Hybrid CapacitorsElectrical & Electronic EquipmentNot Available
527MagnetsElectrical & Electronic EquipmentNot Available
529Power CablesElectrical & Electronic EquipmentNot Available
530Radio Transmission SystemsElectrical & Electronic EquipmentNot Available
534Still Video CamerasElectrical & Electronic EquipmentNot Available
536Superconductive Or Hyperconductive Conductors Cables Or Transmission LinesElectrical & Electronic EquipmentNot Available
537Television SystemsElectrical & Electronic EquipmentNot Available
538Thin Magnetic FilmsElectrical & Electronic EquipmentNot Available
539Video GamesElectrical & Electronic EquipmentNot Available
541Agglomerated Sugar ProductsFood, food processing & cookwareNot Available
544Fermentation Processes For BeerFood, food processing & cookwareNot Available
545Food PreservationFood, food processing & cookwareNot Available
548Preparation Of VinegarFood, food processing & cookwareNot Available
549Preparation Of Wine Or Sparkling WineFood, food processing & cookwareNot Available
552Processing MeatsFood, food processing & cookwareNot Available
553Treatment Of HopsFood, food processing & cookwareNot Available
555Bleaching AgentsHousehold cleaning & consumer productsNot Available
556Cigar CigarettesHousehold cleaning & consumer productsNot Available
560Other Smoking RequisitesHousehold cleaning & consumer productsNot Available
561Perfumes Within Detergents And SoapsHousehold cleaning & consumer productsNot Available
562Pipe AccessoriesHousehold cleaning & consumer productsNot Available
563Soap DetergentsHousehold cleaning & consumer productsNot Available
564Soap DispensersHousehold cleaning & consumer productsNot Available
567Tobacco Product CasesHousehold cleaning & consumer productsNot Available
569Tobacco Smoke FiltersHousehold cleaning & consumer productsNot Available
577Watch ChainsHousehold itemsNot Available
578Making CigarsIndustrial manufacturing & chemical processingNot Available
579Manufacture Of Iron Or SteelIndustrial manufacturing & chemical processingNot Available
580Manufacture Preparation Of Tobacco ProductsIndustrial manufacturing & chemical processingNot Available
581Paper Making MachinesIndustrial manufacturing & chemical processingNot Available
584BuoysMarine, shipping & aquacultureNot Available
596AcaricidesAgriculture & land managementNot Available
598Fertiliser DistributorsAgriculture & land managementNot Available
600Herbicides And AlgicidesAgriculture & land managementNot Available
602MolluscicidesAgriculture & land managementNot Available
603NematocidesAgriculture & land managementNot Available
605Pest RepellantsAgriculture & land managementNot Available
606Plant Growth RegulatorsAgriculture & land managementNot Available
607Rodenticides(1)Agriculture & land managementNot Available
608RodenticidesAgriculture & land managementNot Available
609AftershavePersonal care & cosmeticsNot Available
610Aftersun ProductsPersonal care & cosmeticsNot Available
611Anti Perspirants Or Body DeoderantsPersonal care & cosmeticsNot Available
612Body Washing Or Cleaning ImplementsPersonal care & cosmeticsNot Available
613DepilatoriesPersonal care & cosmeticsNot Available
614Essential Oils Or PerfumesPersonal care & cosmeticsNot Available
615Eye Makeup ProductsPersonal care & cosmeticsNot Available
616Face Mask CosmeticsPersonal care & cosmeticsNot Available
617Lip Care ProductsPersonal care & cosmeticsNot Available
618Lip Makeup ProductsPersonal care & cosmeticsNot Available
619Manicure PedicurePersonal care & cosmeticsNot Available
630ToysRecreation & sports surfacesNot Available
631Anthraquinone DyesTextiles, leather & furnishingsNot Available
632ApparelTextiles, leather & furnishingsNot Available
633Azo DyesTextiles, leather & furnishingsNot Available
638Decorating TextilesTextiles, leather & furnishingsNot Available
639Degreasing LeatherTextiles, leather & furnishingsNot Available
640Embroidering And TuftingTextiles, leather & furnishingsNot Available
641Foam DyeingTextiles, leather & furnishingsNot Available
642FootwearTextiles, leather & furnishingsNot Available
643HeadwearTextiles, leather & furnishingsNot Available
647Multicolour DyeingTextiles, leather & furnishingsNot Available
648Nitro DyesTextiles, leather & furnishingsNot Available
650Purses Luggage Hand BagsTextiles, leather & furnishingsNot Available
652RopesTextiles, leather & furnishingsNot Available
655Slide FastenersTextiles, leather & furnishingsNot Available
657Surface Finishing Of LeatherTextiles, leather & furnishingsNot Available
658Touch FastenersTextiles, leather & furnishingsNot Available
659Transfer PrintingTextiles, leather & furnishingsNot Available
662Yarns Or ThreadsTextiles, leather & furnishingsNot Available
663Sanitary EquipmentWastewater, sanitation & biosolidsNot Available
Pathways
0 pathways

No pathways found

No metabolic pathways have been associated with this synthetic chemical

Targets
StructureProteinUniProt IDOrganismRelationshipDetails
Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 1 structureClick to view 3D structurePoly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 1P09874HumansPredicted (SEA)3726.25
Protein mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase PARP10 structureClick to view 3D structureProtein mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase PARP10Q53GL7HumansPredicted (SEA)2195.35
Protein mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase PARP11 structureClick to view 3D structureProtein mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase PARP11Q9NR21HumansPredicted (SEA)636.495
Protein cereblon structureClick to view 3D structureProtein cereblonQ96SW2HumansPredicted (SEA)430.895
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta structureClick to view 3D structureGlycogen synthase kinase-3 betaP49841HumansPredicted (SEA)7379.72
Click to view 3D structureCholinesteraseP81908Equus caballusPredicted (SEA)4941.56
Cell division cycle 7-related protein kinase structureClick to view 3D structureCell division cycle 7-related protein kinaseO00311HumansPredicted (SEA)6652.29
Serine/threonine-protein kinase Chk1 structureClick to view 3D structureSerine/threonine-protein kinase Chk1O14757HumansPredicted (SEA)7265.28
Dual specificity protein kinase CLK4 structureClick to view 3D structureDual specificity protein kinase CLK4Q9HAZ1HumansPredicted (SEA)7178.55
LIM domain kinase 1 structureClick to view 3D structureLIM domain kinase 1P53667HumansPredicted (SEA)7122.11
Cholinesterase structureClick to view 3D structureCholinesteraseP06276HumansPredicted (SEA)5643.6
MAP kinase-activated protein kinase 2 structureClick to view 3D structureMAP kinase-activated protein kinase 2P49137HumansPredicted (SEA)7263.72
Dual specificity tyrosine-phosphorylation-regulated kinase 1A structureClick to view 3D structureDual specificity tyrosine-phosphorylation-regulated kinase 1AQ13627HumansPredicted (SEA)7379.72
Serine/threonine-protein kinase Nek2 structureClick to view 3D structureSerine/threonine-protein kinase Nek2P51955HumansPredicted (SEA)7288.32
Serine/threonine-protein kinase Chk2 structureClick to view 3D structureSerine/threonine-protein kinase Chk2O96017HumansPredicted (SEA)7156.13
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 structureClick to view 3D structureMitogen-activated protein kinase 1P28482HumansPredicted (SEA)7435.46
Serine/threonine-protein kinase N2 structureClick to view 3D structureSerine/threonine-protein kinase N2Q16513HumansPredicted (SEA)7202.14
Rho-associated protein kinase 2 structureClick to view 3D structureRho-associated protein kinase 2O75116HumansPredicted (SEA)7426.35
Serine/threonine-protein kinase N1 structureClick to view 3D structureSerine/threonine-protein kinase N1Q16512HumansPredicted (SEA)6063.91
Dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 structureClick to view 3D structureDual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1Q02750HumansPredicted (SEA)7158.94
Aurora kinase A structureClick to view 3D structureAurora kinase AO14965HumansPredicted (SEA)7412.41
cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha structureClick to view 3D structurecAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit alphaP17612HumansPredicted (SEA)7397.31
Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase kinase 4 structureClick to view 3D structureMitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase kinase 4O95819HumansPredicted (SEA)7326.39
Cyclin-dependent kinase 2 structureClick to view 3D structureCyclin-dependent kinase 2P24941HumansPredicted (SEA)7452.51
Serine/threonine-protein kinase PLK1 structureClick to view 3D structureSerine/threonine-protein kinase PLK1P53350HumansPredicted (SEA)7365.08
Concentrations
Not Available
External Links
DrugBank IDNot Available
HMDB IDHMDB0002039
FooDB IDFDB000741
Phenol Explorer IDNot Available
KNApSAcK IDC00038233
BiGG IDNot Available
BioCyc IDNot Available
METLIN ID6452
PDB IDNot Available
Wikipedia Link2-Pyrrolidone
Chemspider ID11530
ChEBI ID36592
PubChem Compound ID12025
Kegg Compound IDC11118
YMDB IDNot Available
ECMDB IDNot Available
References
Synthesis ReferenceNot Available
MSDSNot Available
General References
1. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=10332870
2. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=10403220
3. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=10840398
4. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=16321482
5. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=22113027
6. Petroff OA, Hyder F, Mattson RH, Rothman DL: Topiramate increases brain GABA, homocarnosine, and pyrrolidinone in patients with epilepsy. Neurology. 1999 Feb;52(3):473-8.
7. Sun X, Qiao H, Jiang H, Zhi X, Liu F, Wang J, Liu M, Dong D, Kanwar JR, Xu R, Krissansen GW: Intramuscular delivery of antiangiogenic genes suppresses secondary metastases after removal of primary tumors. Cancer Gene Ther. 2005 Jan;12(1):35-45.
8. Hyder F, Petroff OA, Mattson RH, Rothman DL: Localized 1H NMR measurements of 2-pyrrolidinone in human brain in vivo. Magn Reson Med. 1999 May;41(5):889-96.
9. Rambabu K, Pattabiraman TN: Studies on gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase of human urine. Clin Chim Acta. 1976 Dec 1;73(2):251-5.
10. Matsudo T, Ogawa K, Kokufuta E: Complex formation of protein with different water-soluble synthetic polymers. Biomacromolecules. 2003 Nov-Dec;4(6):1794-9.
11. Fedi AM, Leoncini P, Farella V, Lotti T: [Study of filaggrin in psoriasis]. G Ital Dermatol Venereol. 1989 Apr;124(4):141-5.
12. Gobbels M, Spitznas M: Effects of artificial tears on corneal epithelial permeability in dry eyes. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 1991;229(4):345-9.
13. Gobbels M, Spitznas M: Corneal epithelial permeability of dry eyes before and after treatment with artificial tears. Ophthalmology. 1992 Jun;99(6):873-8.
14. Onorato JM, Henion JD, Lefebvre PM, Kiplinger JP: Selected reaction monitoring LC-MS determination of idoxifene and its pyrrolidinone metabolite in human plasma using robotic high-throughput, sequential sample injection. Anal Chem. 2001 Jan 1;73(1):119-25.
15. Zimmermann W, Donhardt A, Braun W: [2-Br-2-ethyl-4-hydroxybutyramide and 2-Br-2-ethyl-4-butyrolactam as carbromal metabolites (author's transl)]. Arch Toxicol. 1978 Apr 27;40(2):119-24.
16. Voigt R, Korner I, Roth P: [Interactions between macromolecular adjuvants and drugs. Part 16: Effects of human serum albumin and Mg2+ on oxytetracycline-polyvinylpyrrolidone interactions (author's transl)]. Pharmazie. 1979 Jan;34(1):45-8.
17. Petroff OA, Hyder F, Collins T, Mattson RH, Rothman DL: Acute effects of vigabatrin on brain GABA and homocarnosine in patients with complex partial seizures. Epilepsia. 1999 Jul;40(7):958-64.
18. Petroff OA, Hyder F, Rothman DL, Mattson RH: Effects of gabapentin on brain GABA, homocarnosine, and pyrrolidinone in epilepsy patients. Epilepsia. 2000 Jun;41(6):675-80.