Diethyl phosphite (CED0007222)

Record Information
Version1.0
Creation Date2016-05-19 04:39:59 UTC
Update Date2026-05-14 17:46:29 UTC
SynCED IDCED0007222
Secondary Accession Numbers
  • CHEM014969
Identification
Common NameDiethyl phosphite
ClassSmall Molecule
Description
Diethyl phosphite (C4H11O3P) is a chemical compound with an average molecular weight of 138.10 g/mol. Diethyl phosphite belongs to the phosphonic acid diesters, a subclass of organic phosphonic acids and derivatives within the organic compounds. The compound is found in or released from four recorded sources, including drinking water and water supply (drinking water), as well as electrical and electronic equipment such as communication cables or conductors, antennas, and cores yokes or armatures. The recorded exposure route for this substance is oral. In terms of biological activity, there are two recorded protein targets for diethyl phosphite: cholinesterase (BCHE) and the diacylglycerol acyltransferase/mycolyltransferase Ag85C (fbpC), for which it acts as an inhibitor. Regarding its presence in materials, diethyl phosphite has not been detected in polypropylene.
Contaminant TypeNot Available
Chemical Structure
Synonyms
ValueSource
Diethoxyphosphine oxideChEBI
Diethyl hydrogen phosphiteChEBI
Diethyl phosphiteChEBI
Hydrogen diethyl phosphiteChEBI
Phosphonic acid diethyl esterChEBI
Phosphonate diethyl esterGenerator
Diethyl phosphonic acidGenerator
Phosphonate diethylGenerator
Chemical FormulaC4H11O3P
Average Molecular Mass138.102 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass138.045 g/mol
CAS Registry Number762-04-9
IUPAC Namediethyl phosphonate
Traditional Namediethylphosphono group
SMILESCCOP(=O)OCC
InChI IdentifierInChI=1S/C4H11O3P/c1-3-6-8(5)7-4-2/h8H,3-4H2,1-2H3
InChI KeyMJUJXFBTEFXVKU-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as phosphonic acid diesters. These are organophosphorus compounds containing a diester derivative of phosphonic acid, with the general structure ROP(=O)OR' (R,R' = organyl group).
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassOrganic acids and derivatives
ClassOrganic phosphonic acids and derivatives
Sub ClassPhosphonic acid diesters
Direct ParentPhosphonic acid diesters
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Phosphonic acid diester
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Organic oxide
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Aliphatic acyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAliphatic acyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Biological Properties
StatusDetected and Not Quantified
OriginNot Available
Cellular LocationsNot Available
Biofluid LocationsNot Available
Tissue LocationsNot Available
ApplicationsNot Available
Biological Roles
Chemical RolesNot Available
Organoleptic EffectsNot Available
Physical Properties
StateNot Available
AppearanceNot Available
Experimental Properties
PropertyValue
Melting PointNot Available
Boiling PointNot Available
SolubilityNot Available
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility63.8 g/LALOGPS
logP-0.02ALOGPS
logP0.69ChemAxon
logS-0.34ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Basic)-7.8ChemAxon
Physiological Charge0ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count1ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count0ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area35.53 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count4ChemAxon
Refractivity31.03 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability13.1 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings0ChemAxon
BioavailabilityYesChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterNoChemAxon
Veber's RuleYesChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemAxon
Spectra
Spectra
Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateView
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrumsplash10-02e9-9100000000-989d0651b62e458f81dcNot AvailableView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-01p9-3900000000-f4edca8488f28adb0f91Not AvailableView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-001i-9200000000-5c460c392ba53f2fe78cNot AvailableView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-0059-9100000000-7924236cd00aaa607fe6Not AvailableView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-000i-1900000000-9ef9f425e5a6b4c1be7fNot AvailableView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-0a4i-9800000000-46e7ac64b7da922843f7Not AvailableView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-03fr-9000000000-8b94652aff976b773c3cNot AvailableView Spectrum
Toxicity Profile
Toxicity Values
Toxicity ValueOrganismDose DescriptorRoute of ExposurePredicted or ExperimentalToxicity RatingReference
231.0 Log mg/kg [130:410]RatLD50oralpredictedNot AvailableNot Available
Toxicity / Toxin ClassNot Available
Mechanism of ToxicityNot Available
Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification)Not Available
Minimum Risk LevelNot Available
SymptomsNot Available
TreatmentNot Available
Health Effects
Health EffectRelationshipDirectionDescriptionReference
Exposure Sources
Source IDSourceSectorReference
CEDs000010Insecticides?Insecticides are synthetic chemicals designed to control or eliminate insect pests that threaten crops and other agricultural products.Agriculture & land managementPubChem
CEDs000115Drinking water?Drinking water can be a medium for synthetic chemical contamination, often originating from various industrial processes and agricultural practices.Drinking water & water supplyNot Available
CEDs000506Antennas?Antennas, commonly used in communication technologies, can be a source of synthetic chemical contamination through the materials and coatings used in their construction.Electrical & Electronic EquipmentPubChem
CEDs000510Communication Cables Or Conductors?Communication cables or conductors are essential components in the transmission of data and signals in various applications, including telecommunications and networking.Electrical & Electronic EquipmentPubChem
CEDs000511Conductors Or Conductive Bodies Characterised By The Conductive Materials?Conductors, or conductive bodies, are materials that allow the flow of electrical current, typically made from metals such as copper, aluminum, or silver.Electrical & Electronic EquipmentPubChem
CEDs000513Cores Yokes Or Armatures?Cores, yokes, or armatures are components commonly found in electrical devices, used to facilitate the magnetic and electrical functions within motors, transformers, and generators.Electrical & Electronic EquipmentPubChem
CEDs000519Electrodes?Electrodes, used in various electrical and electronic applications, can be a source of synthetic chemical contamination due to the materials from which they are constructed and the processes involved in their manufacturing.Electrical & Electronic EquipmentPubChem
CEDs000521Fixed Capacitors And Their Manufacture?Fixed capacitors are passive electronic components used to store and release electrical energy, playing a critical role in various circuits.Electrical & Electronic EquipmentPubChem
CEDs000524Hybrid Capacitors?Hybrid capacitors are energy storage devices that combine the properties of electrolytic and supercapacitors, utilizing a combination of electrochemical principles to achieve higher energy density and power density.Electrical & Electronic EquipmentPubChem
CEDs000530Radio Transmission Systems?Radio transmission systems utilize a variety of synthetic chemicals in their manufacturing and maintenance processes.Electrical & Electronic EquipmentPubChem
CEDs000545Food Preservation?Food preservation often involves the use of synthetic chemicals, such as preservatives, flavor enhancers, and color additives, to extend shelf life and enhance the sensory qualities of food products.Food, food processing & cookwarePubChem
CEDs000555Bleaching Agents?Bleaching agents are chemical substances used to whiten or lighten materials, often employed in various cleaning products for their stain removal and disinfecting properties.Household cleaning & consumer productsPubChem
CEDs000561Perfumes Within Detergents And Soaps?Perfumes within detergents and soaps are synthetic fragrance compounds added to enhance the sensory experience of cleaning products.Household cleaning & consumer productsPubChem
CEDs000563Soap Detergents?Soap detergents are synthetic surfactants designed to enhance the cleaning efficacy of water by reducing surface tension, allowing for better interaction with dirt and grease.Household cleaning & consumer productsPubChem
CEDs000569Tobacco Smoke Filters?Tobacco smoke filters are designed to reduce the inhalation of harmful substances in cigarette smoke, including tar and other particulate matter.Household cleaning & consumer productsPubChem
CEDs000579Manufacture Of Iron Or Steel?The manufacture of iron or steel involves various processes, including smelting, refining, and alloying, which can result in the release of synthetic chemicals and contaminants.Industrial manufacturing & chemical processingPubChem
CEDs000580Manufacture Preparation Of Tobacco Products?The manufacture and preparation of tobacco products involve various processes that can result in the introduction of synthetic chemicals into the environment.Industrial manufacturing & chemical processingPubChem
CEDs000596Acaricides?Acaricides are synthetic chemicals specifically designed to target and control mite populations that can damage crops and plants.Agriculture & land managementPubChem
CEDs000600Herbicides And Algicides?Herbicides and algicides are synthetic chemicals primarily used to control unwanted plants and algae in various environments.Agriculture & land managementPubChem
CEDs000602Molluscicides?Molluscicides are synthetic chemicals specifically designed to control and eliminate mollusks, such as snails and slugs, which can be detrimental to crops and agricultural productivity.Agriculture & land managementPubChem
CEDs000603Nematocides?Nematocides are synthetic chemicals specifically designed to control nematodes, which are microscopic roundworms that can cause significant damage to crops and plants.Agriculture & land managementPubChem
CEDs000604Pest Attractants?Pest attractants are synthetic chemicals designed to lure specific pests for monitoring or control purposes.Agriculture & land managementPubChem
CEDs000605Pest Repellants?Pest repellents, often formulated from synthetic chemicals, are widely used to protect crops from insect infestations and other pests.Agriculture & land managementPubChem
CEDs000606Plant Growth Regulators?Plant Growth Regulators (PGRs) are synthetic chemicals designed to influence the growth and development of plants.Agriculture & land managementPubChem
CEDs000609Aftershave?Aftershave is a grooming product typically used to soothe and protect the skin following shaving.Personal care & cosmeticsPubChem
CEDs000611Anti Perspirants Or Body Deoderants?Antiperspirants and body deodorants commonly contain synthetic chemicals such as aluminum compounds, parabens, and synthetic fragrances.Personal care & cosmeticsPubChem
CEDs000614Essential Oils Or Perfumes?Essential oils and perfumes are complex mixtures of volatile compounds derived from natural or synthetic sources, commonly used for their aromatic properties.Personal care & cosmeticsPubChem
CEDs000617Lip Care Products?Lip care products, including lipsticks, balms, and glosses, often contain a variety of synthetic chemicals such as parabens, phthalates, and synthetic fragrances.Personal care & cosmeticsPubChem
CEDs000618Lip Makeup Products?Lip makeup products, such as lipsticks, lip glosses, and lip liners, often contain a variety of synthetic chemicals, including pigments, preservatives, and emollients.Personal care & cosmeticsPubChem
CEDs000632Apparel?Apparel production often involves the use of various synthetic chemicals, including dyes, finishing agents, and preservatives.Textiles, leather & furnishingsPubChem
CEDs000633Azo Dyes?Azo dyes are synthetic organic compounds characterized by the presence of one or more azo groups (-N=N-), which are widely used for coloring textiles, leather, and furnishings.Textiles, leather & furnishingsPubChem
CEDs000642Footwear?Footwear production often involves the use of various synthetic chemicals, such as adhesives, dyes, and treatments, which can contribute to environmental contamination.Textiles, leather & furnishingsPubChem
CEDs000653Sewing?Sewing processes often involve the use of various synthetic chemicals, which can become sources of contamination in the environment.Textiles, leather & furnishingsPubChem
CEDs000655Slide Fasteners?Slide fasteners, commonly known as zippers, are mechanical devices used to join two edges of fabric or other materials.Textiles, leather & furnishingsPubChem
CEDs000657Surface Finishing Of Leather?Surface finishing of leather often involves the use of various synthetic chemicals, including dyes, resins, and finishing agents.Textiles, leather & furnishingsPubChem
CEDs000662Yarns Or Threads?Yarns or threads used in textiles can be a source of synthetic chemical contamination due to the production processes and treatments they undergo.Textiles, leather & furnishingsPubChem
CEDs000665Fire Extinguishers?Fire extinguishers contain various synthetic chemicals designed to suppress flames and prevent the spread of fire.Fire suppression systems & agentsPubChem
CEDs000667Gaseous Fire Fighting?Gaseous fire fighting systems utilize synthetic chemicals, such as halocarbons and inert gases, to suppress fires through chemical and physical processes.Fire suppression systems & agentsPubChem
CEDs000670Solid Fire Fighting Substances?Solid fire fighting substances, such as certain types of dry chemical powders, are used in fire suppression applications to extinguish flames and prevent fire spread.Fire suppression systems & agentsPubChem
CEDs000678Nitrogenous Fertilisers?Nitrogenous fertilizers are synthetic chemical compounds primarily used to enhance plant growth by supplying essential nitrogen, a crucial nutrient for photosynthesis and protein synthesis.Agriculture & land managementPubChem
CEDs000679Phosphatic Fertilisers?Phosphatic fertilizers are synthetic chemical products primarily composed of phosphorus, which is essential for plant growth.Agriculture & land managementPubChem
CEDs000684Cements?Cements are a composite material primarily used as a binding agent in construction applications, formed by the calcination of limestone and clay minerals at high temperatures.Building & ConstructionPubChem
CEDs000685Ceramics?Ceramics can be a source of synthetic chemical contamination through various additives and processing agents used in their production.Building & ConstructionPubChem
CEDs000686Clay Wares?Clay wares are ceramic products made from natural clay, often utilized in various construction applications such as tiles, bricks, and sanitary ware.Building & ConstructionPubChem
CEDs000688Glass Coatings?Glass coatings are synthetic chemical formulations applied to glass surfaces to enhance properties such as durability, UV resistance, and aesthetic appeal.Building & ConstructionPubChem
CEDs000693Silica Glass?Silica glass, primarily composed of silicon dioxide (SiO2), is widely used in various applications, including windows, glass facades, and insulation materials.Building & ConstructionPubChem
CEDs000696Nanotechnology?Nanotechnology involves the manipulation of materials at the molecular or atomic level, typically within the range of 1 to 100 nanometers.Industrial manufacturing & chemical processingPubChem
CEDs000727Printing Machines Or Presses?Printing machines or presses commonly utilize synthetic chemicals such as inks, solvents, and cleaning agents.Paper, pulp & fiber productsPubChem
CEDs000734Coating Compositions?Coating compositions, which include paints, sealants, and varnishes, are formulated with a variety of synthetic chemicals such as solvents, resins, pigments, and additives.Building & ConstructionPubChem
CEDs000738Cooling Circuit Water?Cooling circuit water is utilized in various industrial processes to absorb and dissipate heat generated during operations.Industrial manufacturing & chemical processingPubChem
CEDs000739Inks?Inks are complex mixtures composed of pigments or dyes, solvents, resins, and additives used primarily for printing and writing applications.Paper, pulp & fiber productsPubChem
CEDs000740Paper?Paper production involves the processing of wood fibers and the use of various chemicals, which can lead to synthetic chemical contamination.Paper, pulp & fiber productsPubChem
CEDs000741Pigment Pastes?Pigment pastes are concentrated dispersions of pigments used to impart color and properties to materials.Paper, pulp & fiber productsPubChem
CEDs000743Sludge Treatment?Sludge treatment involves the processing of waste materials generated from wastewater treatment plants, which often contain a variety of organic and inorganic substances.Wastewater, sanitation & biosolidsPubChem
CEDs000744Water, Wastewater, & Sewage Treatment?Water, wastewater, and sewage treatment processes are critical for managing and mitigating pollutants in water systems.Wastewater, sanitation & biosolidsPubChem
CEDs03251Silk FabricsTextiles, leather & furnishingsPMC13030606
Pathways
0 pathwaysPathway Source: PathBank

No pathways found

No metabolic pathways have been associated with this synthetic chemical

Targets
StructureProteinUniProt IDOrganismRelationshipDetails
Click to view 3D structure1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthaseB7UJP3Escherichia coli O127:H6 (strain E2348/69 / EPEC)Predicted (SEA)
Prediction Confidence Score
0.196
Applicability Domain
0.231 Low confidence
Statistical Significance
0.0012
Supporting Reference Compounds
2
E-value
9.6533
Acetylcholinesterase structureClick to view 3D structureAcetylcholinesteraseP07140Drosophila melanogasterPredicted (SEA)
Prediction Confidence Score
0.174
Applicability Domain
0.214 Low confidence
Statistical Significance
0.0016
Supporting Reference Compounds
2
E-value
12.6116
Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase NIMA-interacting 4 structureClick to view 3D structurePeptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase NIMA-interacting 4Q9Y237HumansPredicted (SEA)
Prediction Confidence Score
0.167
Applicability Domain
0.167 Low confidence
Statistical Significance
0.0501
Supporting Reference Compounds
1
E-value
390.336
Carbonic anhydrase 7 structureClick to view 3D structureCarbonic anhydrase 7P43166HumansPredicted (SEA)
Prediction Confidence Score
0.166
Applicability Domain
0.2 Low confidence
Statistical Significance
0.7981
Supporting Reference Compounds
242
E-value
6212.91
Carbonic anhydrase 12 structureClick to view 3D structureCarbonic anhydrase 12O43570HumansPredicted (SEA)
Prediction Confidence Score
0.166
Applicability Domain
0.2 Low confidence
Statistical Significance
0.8446
Supporting Reference Compounds
332
E-value
6575.15
Carbonic anhydrase 14 structureClick to view 3D structureCarbonic anhydrase 14Q9ULX7HumansPredicted (SEA)
Prediction Confidence Score
0.166
Applicability Domain
0.2 Low confidence
Statistical Significance
0.711
Supporting Reference Compounds
172
E-value
5534.92
Carbonic anhydrase 9 structureClick to view 3D structureCarbonic anhydrase 9Q16790HumansPredicted (SEA)
Prediction Confidence Score
0.166
Applicability Domain
0.2 Low confidence
Statistical Significance
0.8675
Supporting Reference Compounds
372
E-value
6753.11
Carbonic anhydrase 1 structureClick to view 3D structureCarbonic anhydrase 1P00915HumansPredicted (SEA)
Prediction Confidence Score
0.166
Applicability Domain
0.2 Low confidence
Statistical Significance
0.8765
Supporting Reference Compounds
407
E-value
6823.25
Click to view 3D structureHistidine biosynthesis bifunctional protein HisBP06987Escherichia coli O26:H11 str. CFSAN001629Predicted (SEA)
Prediction Confidence Score
0.162
Applicability Domain
0.162 Low confidence
Statistical Significance
0.0091
Supporting Reference Compounds
1
E-value
70.7649
Carbonic anhydrase 2 structureClick to view 3D structureCarbonic anhydrase 2P00918HumansPredicted (SEA)
Prediction Confidence Score
0.161
Applicability Domain
0.2 Low confidence
Statistical Significance
0.9301
Supporting Reference Compounds
472
E-value
7240.6
Click to view 3D structureCarbonic anhydrase 13Q9D6N1Mus musculusPredicted (SEA)
Prediction Confidence Score
0.155
Applicability Domain
0.172 Low confidence
Statistical Significance
0.59
Supporting Reference Compounds
70
E-value
4592.95
Click to view 3D structureMonoglyceride lipaseO35678Mus musculusPredicted (SEA)
Prediction Confidence Score
0.154
Applicability Domain
0.162 Low confidence
Statistical Significance
0.5405
Supporting Reference Compounds
34
E-value
4207.52
Click to view 3D structureFatty-acid amide hydrolase 1O08914Mus musculusPredicted (SEA)
Prediction Confidence Score
0.154
Applicability Domain
0.162 Low confidence
Statistical Significance
0.6527
Supporting Reference Compounds
46
E-value
5081.45
Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1 structureClick to view 3D structureTyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1P18031HumansPredicted (SEA)
Prediction Confidence Score
0.152
Applicability Domain
0.171 Low confidence
Statistical Significance
0.8655
Supporting Reference Compounds
197
E-value
6738.24
Acetylcholinesterase structureClick to view 3D structureAcetylcholinesteraseP21836Mus musculusPredicted (SEA)
Prediction Confidence Score
0.151
Applicability Domain
0.162 Low confidence
Statistical Significance
0.7689
Supporting Reference Compounds
58
E-value
5986.22
Click to view 3D structureCannabinoid receptor 1P47746Mus musculusPredicted (SEA)
Prediction Confidence Score
0.151
Applicability Domain
0.162 Low confidence
Statistical Significance
0.5801
Supporting Reference Compounds
42
E-value
4516.11
All-trans-retinol dehydrogenase [NAD(+)] ADH7 structureClick to view 3D structureAll-trans-retinol dehydrogenase [NAD(+)] ADH7P40394HumansPredicted (SEA)
Prediction Confidence Score
0.148
Applicability Domain
0.148 Low confidence
Statistical Significance
0.0121
Supporting Reference Compounds
1
E-value
94.3533
Click to view 3D structureCarbonic anhydrase 5B, mitochondrialQ9Y2D0HumansPredicted (SEA)
Prediction Confidence Score
0.148
Applicability Domain
0.172 Low confidence
Statistical Significance
0.8565
Supporting Reference Compounds
157
E-value
6668.18
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha structureClick to view 3D structurePeroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alphaQ07869HumansPredicted (SEA)
Prediction Confidence Score
0.144
Applicability Domain
0.154 Low confidence
Statistical Significance
0.9349
Supporting Reference Compounds
127
E-value
7277.97
Metallo-beta-lactamase VIM-2 structureClick to view 3D structureMetallo-beta-lactamase VIM-2D1MEN9Pseudomonas aeruginosaPredicted (SEA)
Prediction Confidence Score
0.143
Applicability Domain
0.143 Low confidence
Statistical Significance
0.0105
Supporting Reference Compounds
1
E-value
81.8974
Pyruvate carboxylase structureClick to view 3D structurePyruvate carboxylaseA0A0H3JRU9Staphylococcus aureus (strain Mu50 / ATCC 700699)Predicted (SEA)
Prediction Confidence Score
0.143
Applicability Domain
0.143 Low confidence
Statistical Significance
0.2644
Supporting Reference Compounds
1
E-value
2058.1
Carbonic anhydrase 6 structureClick to view 3D structureCarbonic anhydrase 6P23280HumansPredicted (SEA)
Prediction Confidence Score
0.141
Applicability Domain
0.172 Low confidence
Statistical Significance
0.9261
Supporting Reference Compounds
151
E-value
7209.46
Carbonic anhydrase 4 structureClick to view 3D structureCarbonic anhydrase 4P22748HumansPredicted (SEA)
Prediction Confidence Score
0.141
Applicability Domain
0.172 Low confidence
Statistical Significance
0.9505
Supporting Reference Compounds
193
E-value
7399.57
Induced myeloid leukemia cell differentiation protein Mcl-1 structureClick to view 3D structureInduced myeloid leukemia cell differentiation protein Mcl-1Q07820HumansPredicted (SEA)
Prediction Confidence Score
0.141
Applicability Domain
0.152 Low confidence
Statistical Significance
0.9731
Supporting Reference Compounds
343
E-value
7575.59
Click to view 3D structureCarbonic anhydrase 15Q99N23Mus musculusPredicted (SEA)
Prediction Confidence Score
0.14
Applicability Domain
0.167 Low confidence
Statistical Significance
0.8387
Supporting Reference Compounds
78
E-value
6529.06
Concentrations
Not Available
External Links
DrugBank IDDB02811
HMDB IDNot Available
FooDB IDNot Available
Phenol Explorer IDNot Available
KNApSAcK IDNot Available
BiGG IDNot Available
BioCyc IDNot Available
METLIN IDNot Available
PDB IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkNot Available
Chemspider IDNot Available
ChEBI ID41962
PubChem Compound ID220224
Kegg Compound IDNot Available
YMDB IDNot Available
ECMDB IDNot Available
References
Synthesis ReferenceNot Available
MSDSNot Available
General ReferencesNot Available