Cypermethrin (CED0003558)

Cypermethrin (C22H19Cl2NO3) is an exogenous solid with an average molecular weight of 416.30 g/mol. Cypermethrin belongs to the fatty acid esters, a subclass of fatty acyls within the organic compounds. It is utilized as a pyrethroid ester insecticide, pyrethroid ester acaricide, agrochemical, molluscicide, and biocide (PMC8229483, PMC8587002, PMC10451336, PMC7689789). It is further classified as a pesticide (PMC4817206, PMC8271813, PMC8924399) and an industrial insecticide (PMC11612141). The compound is released from 43 recorded sources, including agriculture and land management pesticides, drinking water, building and construction materials such as floors and roofs, food contact materials, and household cleaning and consumer products. Recorded exposure routes include oral, inhalation, and touch. Cypermethrin targets 35 recorded proteins, including sodium channel protein type 1 subunit alpha (SCN1A), sodium channel protein type 10 subunit alpha (SCN10A), sodium channel protein type 11 subunit alpha (SCN11A), and sodium channel protein type 2 subunit alpha (SCN2A). It acts as an axonic poison that blocks the closing of sodium gates in nerves, prolonging the open phase when a nerve cell is excited. This prolongs the return of the membrane potential to its resting state, leading to nervous system hyperactivity, paralysis, and/or death. Additionally, it targets proteins such as Calcium-transporting ATPase type 2C member 1 (ATP2C1), Sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 2 (ATP2A2), and Sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 1 (ATP2A1). By inhibiting Na+/K+ ATPase and Ca2+ and Mg2+ ATPase, cypermethrin causes intracellular free calcium ions to accumulate, promoting the release of neurotransmitters and the propagation of stimuli throughout the central nervous system. Other protein targets include CYP1A1, CYP1A2, COL3A1, and CYP27B1.