Amisulpride (CED0004404)

Record Information
Version1.0
Creation Date2016-05-22 04:41:09 UTC
Update Date2026-08-19 21:55:49 UTC
Accession NumberCHEM017838
Identification
Common NameAmisulpride
ClassSmall Molecule
Description
Amisulpride is an organic compound with the formula C17H27N3O4S and an average molecular weight of 369.48 g/mol. Amisulpride belongs to the benzoic acids and derivatives, a subclass of benzene and substituted derivatives within the organic compounds. The substance is identified as being found in or released from five recorded sources. These include healthcare, pharmaceuticals, and veterinary products where it is used as an antipsychotic, as well as electrical and electronic equipment, specifically radio transmission systems and electrically stimulated smoking devices. Additionally, it is found in household cleaning and consumer products, including tobacco smoke filters and non-electric simulated smoking devices. The recorded route of exposure for this compound is intravenous. In terms of its biological activity, amisulpride interacts with seven recorded protein targets. It acts as an agonist or antagonist of the D(2) dopamine receptor (DRD2), the D(3) dopamine receptor (DRD3), 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 7 (HTR7), and 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A (HTR2A), in addition to three other proteins.
Contaminant Type
  • Human Neurotoxin
Chemical Structure
Synonyms
ValueSource
4-Amino-N-((1-ethyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)methyl)-5-(ethylsulfonyl)-2-methoxybenzamideChEBI
4-Amino-N-((1-ethyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)methyl)-5-(ethylsulfonyl)-O-anisamideChEBI
AminosultoprideChEBI
AmisulpridaChEBI
AmisulpridumChEBI
DenibanKegg
SolianKegg
4-Amino-N-((1-ethyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)methyl)-5-(ethylsulphonyl)-2-methoxybenzamideGenerator
4-Amino-N-((1-ethyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)methyl)-5-(ethylsulphonyl)-O-anisamideGenerator
BarnetilHMDB
Sultopride hydrochlorideHMDB
N-(Ethyl-1-pyrrolidinyl- 2-methyl)methoxy-2-ethylsulfonyl-5-benzamideHMDB
SultoprideHMDB
Chemical FormulaC17H27N3O4S
Average Molecular Mass369.479 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass369.172 g/mol
CAS Registry Number71675-85-9
IUPAC Name4-amino-5-(ethanesulfonyl)-N-[(1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methyl]-2-methoxybenzamide
Traditional Nameamisulpride
SMILESCCN1CCCC1CNC(=O)C1=CC(=C(N)C=C1OC)S(=O)(=O)CC
InChI IdentifierInChI=1S/C17H27N3O4S/c1-4-20-8-6-7-12(20)11-19-17(21)13-9-16(25(22,23)5-2)14(18)10-15(13)24-3/h9-10,12H,4-8,11,18H2,1-3H3,(H,19,21)
InChI KeyNTJOBXMMWNYJFB-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as aminobenzamides. These are organic compounds containing a benzamide moiety with an amine group attached to the benzene ring.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassBenzenoids
ClassBenzene and substituted derivatives
Sub ClassBenzoic acids and derivatives
Direct ParentAminobenzamides
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Aminobenzamide
  • Methoxyaniline
  • Benzamide
  • Aminophenyl ether
  • Benzenesulfonyl group
  • Phenol ether
  • Aniline or substituted anilines
  • Methoxybenzene
  • Benzoyl
  • Phenoxy compound
  • Anisole
  • Alkyl aryl ether
  • N-alkylpyrrolidine
  • Pyrrolidine
  • Sulfone
  • Sulfonyl
  • Carboxamide group
  • Tertiary aliphatic amine
  • Secondary carboxylic acid amide
  • Amino acid or derivatives
  • Tertiary amine
  • Azacycle
  • Organoheterocyclic compound
  • Carboxylic acid derivative
  • Ether
  • Organopnictogen compound
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Amine
  • Organic nitrogen compound
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Organic oxide
  • Organonitrogen compound
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Organosulfur compound
  • Primary amine
  • Aromatic heteromonocyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAromatic heteromonocyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Biological Properties
StatusDetected and Not Quantified
OriginNot Available
Cellular LocationsNot Available
Biofluid LocationsNot Available
Tissue LocationsNot Available
ApplicationsNot Available
Biological RolesNot Available
Chemical RolesNot Available
Organoleptic EffectsNot Available
Physical Properties
StateNot Available
AppearanceNot Available
Experimental Properties
PropertyValue
Melting PointNot Available
Boiling PointNot Available
SolubilityNot Available
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility0.29 g/LALOGPS
logP1.5ALOGPS
logP0.25ChemAxon
logS-3.1ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)14.03ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)7.05ChemAxon
Physiological Charge1ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count6ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count2ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area101.73 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count7ChemAxon
Refractivity99.84 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability39.82 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings2ChemAxon
BioavailabilityYesChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterYesChemAxon
Veber's RuleNoChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemAxon
Spectra
Spectra
Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateView
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrumsplash10-002g-9054000000-b1dc7fa1718d7f3a0b9cNot AvailableView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS SpectrumNot AvailableNot AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-0006-0609000000-2b372299b7870a4920ebNot AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-014i-0009000000-99c1cc37ab9cf4683323Not AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-014i-0409000000-4e053b8ec1d55ced8499Not AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-004l-0974000000-de9354d79437a4df60bcNot AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-01q9-0900000000-f91d53fb9c883bae9ca3Not AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-001i-0900000000-324b93e2df83509f8048Not AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-014i-0009000000-99ab45809f8e56fbb616Not AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-014l-0109000000-93205a0e84bbb061506aNot AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-057i-0960000000-23d53c22f66a40ded55bNot AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-0006-0509000000-de0803e7c69539424a4eNot AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-00di-0019000000-7dec57b5001ab24504ccNot AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-00di-0019000000-c532dacf370f0075220bNot AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-0006-0092000000-6deb7fed54b4631e9813Not AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-0005-0980000000-c78d2a361bbc674b41ceNot AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-0005-0960000000-6a4706ff5588c4035137Not AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-0006-0190000000-e410c0158058e8740df0Not AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-00di-0009000000-2237ffbc12b8e6459da5Not AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-00di-0029000000-2143af7abc829fd8cacdNot AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-0006-0290000000-bb210e691e1906ae74a7Not AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-0006-0590000000-5f6a35609afc11e248efNot AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-0002-0920000000-b89e4616edb7a54d2976Not AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-0002-1900000000-15fd75a1097964a2b372Not AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-00di-0009000000-34c03de48e9e080e3c47Not AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-00di-0029000000-35268399499c0c04d5f5Not AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-0006-0290000000-ad61214eeef71e97665bNot AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-0006-0590000000-8322cbf2d5910eb0bd03Not AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-0002-0920000000-cbc60b473b3fb0de43abNot AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-0002-1900000000-c32487a90cfd10db9961Not AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-0006-0190000000-458205e2fa61496c6a54Not AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-00dl-2689000000-c4a31e81f70bf838ae8fNot AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-00dl-0269000000-e2c8021fa5c019a7a29eNot AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-0005-0960000000-6b124e0dd8afe6c4684eNot AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-0006-0092000000-d7e96187c0bebf25d210Not AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-0006-0509000000-de0803e7c69539424a4eNot AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-057i-0960000000-23d53c22f66a40ded55bNot AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-014i-0009000000-99ab45809f8e56fbb616Not AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-0002-0920000000-61ca1439f295c7354f51Not AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-00di-0009000000-7088f31a005af16fc3c2Not AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-014l-0109000000-93205a0e84bbb061506aNot AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-001i-0900000000-324b93e2df83509f8048Not AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-01q9-0900000000-f91d53fb9c883bae9ca3Not AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-014i-0409000000-4e053b8ec1d55ced8499Not AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-0006-0190000000-5eada0301a24761b7e67Not AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-004l-0974000000-de9354d79437a4df60bcNot AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-014i-0009000000-99c1cc37ab9cf4683323Not AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-0006-0609000000-48da09a702144684652bNot AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-00di-0009000000-e8f1f5c15bf17a274e81Not AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-0006-0290000000-809b495d9536129ce8cfNot AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-0006-0490000000-943031cff28e6c016f8fNot AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-00di-0029000000-aa43cd8bca68cf011be4Not AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-0006-0190000000-443938808bab72c3fbfdNot AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-0006-0590000000-4c5f41d91ccb36e79121Not AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-0006-0290000000-16998cbb88a2228d0f2cNot AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-0002-0920000000-34be129522e87f3b8c42Not AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-0005-0980000000-509ea3d2d33cdb09b1a5Not AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-016r-0469000000-560a9272032d12f85242Not AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-0005-0960000000-5d6f35cd391cc354ab2dNot AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-00di-0029000000-207cc899837fcd7f4f88Not AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-01vo-0796000000-f3eca7c101c4628750e6Not AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-00di-0019000000-64242ffe3291699b1617Not AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-00di-0019000000-7dec57b5001ab24504ccNot AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-0006-0092000000-b371281f609586744405Not AvailableView Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-0005-0980000000-172cdbc38c28312a01fbNot AvailableView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-0h90-0519000000-5ab63698962ae89e61c4Not AvailableView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-03fr-2931000000-0389f02977c474a38ddbNot AvailableView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-0inc-9410000000-85d4a156f97187c4fdbeNot AvailableView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-014i-0009000000-5027ef7cd64034ec73edNot AvailableView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-006x-1239000000-9ed19ba6319c5152a548Not AvailableView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-00r6-8961000000-6b1c70a700a07ca0e565Not AvailableView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-00di-0009000000-aa6e77896a93253faa5dNot AvailableView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-00di-1319000000-40e5d00e15abf07a79baNot AvailableView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-03di-6940000000-c1c8472eff864e02ed19Not AvailableView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-014i-0009000000-bb14fc66f1a788217f07Not AvailableView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-014l-3159000000-82f21ec0cc988f081119Not AvailableView Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrumsplash10-0006-3294000000-21a72ca6ac13fbe07763Not AvailableView Spectrum
Toxicity Profile
Mechanism of ToxicityNot Available
Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification)Not Available
Minimum Risk LevelNot Available
SymptomsNot Available
TreatmentNot Available
Toxicity Values
Toxicity ValueUnitValue RangeOrganismDose DescriptorRoute of ExposurePredicted or ExperimentalReference
2520.0Log mg/kg[1400:4500]RatLD50oralpredictedNot Available
Health Effects
Health EffectRelationshipDirectionReference
Exposure Sources
Source IDSourceSectorReference
10InsecticidesAgriculture & land managementNot Available
374AntipsychoticsHealthcare, pharmaceuticals & veterinary productsNot Available
518Electrically Stimulated Smoking DevicesElectrical & Electronic EquipmentNot Available
530Radio Transmission SystemsElectrical & Electronic EquipmentNot Available
559Non Electric Simulated Smoking DevicesHousehold cleaning & consumer productsNot Available
569Tobacco Smoke FiltersHousehold cleaning & consumer productsNot Available
580Manufacture Preparation Of Tobacco ProductsIndustrial manufacturing & chemical processingNot Available
596AcaricidesAgriculture & land managementNot Available
600Herbicides And AlgicidesAgriculture & land managementNot Available
606Plant Growth RegulatorsAgriculture & land managementNot Available
609AftershavePersonal care & cosmeticsNot Available
610Aftersun ProductsPersonal care & cosmeticsNot Available
611Anti Perspirants Or Body DeoderantsPersonal care & cosmeticsNot Available
630ToysRecreation & sports surfacesNot Available
650Purses Luggage Hand BagsTextiles, leather & furnishingsNot Available
651Purses Money Bags WalletsTextiles, leather & furnishingsNot Available
Pathways
3 pathways
Targets
StructureProteinUniProt IDOrganismRelationshipDetails
D(2) dopamine receptor structureClick to view 3D structureD(2) dopamine receptorP14416HumansPredicted (SEA)8.09632
Click to view 3D structureD(2) dopamine receptorQ9GJU1Canis lupus familiarisPredicted (SEA)0.233548
D(3) dopamine receptor structureClick to view 3D structureD(3) dopamine receptorP35462HumansPredicted (SEA)9.18621
Click to view 3D structureD(2) dopamine receptorP61169RatPredicted (SEA)9.26406
D(4) dopamine receptor structureClick to view 3D structureD(4) dopamine receptorP21917HumansPredicted (SEA)15.1027
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 7 structureClick to view 3D structure5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 7P34969HumansPredicted (SEA)25.6124
Carbonic anhydrase 2 structureClick to view 3D structureCarbonic anhydrase 2P00918HumansPredicted (SEA)27.7143
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B structureClick to view 3D structure5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BP41595HumansPredicted (SEA)34.4872
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A structureClick to view 3D structure5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AP28223HumansPredicted (SEA)77.8492
Click to view 3D structure5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 4Q62758Rattus norvegicusPredicted (SEA)5.2159
Carbonic anhydrase 9 structureClick to view 3D structureCarbonic anhydrase 9Q16790HumansPredicted (SEA)29.427
Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1 structureClick to view 3D structureSigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1Q99720HumansPredicted (SEA)60.7224
Click to view 3D structureD(1A) dopamine receptorP18901Rattus norvegicusPredicted (SEA)35.11
Click to view 3D structure5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 4O70528Cavia porcellusPredicted (SEA)7.78492
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 4 structureClick to view 3D structure5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 4Q13639HumansPredicted (SEA)9.6533
Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor structureClick to view 3D structureAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorP08913HumansPredicted (SEA)50.2906
Click to view 3D structure5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1AP19327Rattus norvegicusPredicted (SEA)107.665
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3A structureClick to view 3D structure5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3AP46098HumansPredicted (SEA)24.9118
Click to view 3D structureAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorP43140Rattus norvegicusPredicted (SEA)54.6502
Carbonic anhydrase 7 structureClick to view 3D structureCarbonic anhydrase 7P43166HumansPredicted (SEA)45.931
Carbonic anhydrase 6 structureClick to view 3D structureCarbonic anhydrase 6P23280HumansPredicted (SEA)22.6541
Carbonic anhydrase 1 structureClick to view 3D structureCarbonic anhydrase 1P00915HumansPredicted (SEA)81.8195
Click to view 3D structureCarbonic anhydrase 5B, mitochondrialQ9Y2D0HumansPredicted (SEA)30.1276
Carbonic anhydrase 12 structureClick to view 3D structureCarbonic anhydrase 12O43570HumansPredicted (SEA)71.6213
Click to view 3D structureCarbonic anhydrase 5A, mitochondrialP35218HumansPredicted (SEA)33.3195
Concentrations
StatusValueUnitSample LocationReference
Detected and Semi Quantified4900ng/LBioggio,Lugano
    Detected and Semi Quantified32ng/LBussigny-prés-Lausanne
    Detected and Semi Quantified120ng/LHallau,Klettgau
    Detected and Semi Quantified75ng/LThal,Altenrhein
    Detected and Semi Quantified140ng/LUetendorf,Thun
    Detected and Semi Quantified230ng/LVernier,Aïre
    Detected and Semi Quantified300ng/LWinterthur
    Detected and Semi Quantified180ng/LWerdhölzli,Zürich
    Detected and Semi Quantified240ng/LSchönau,Zug
    Detected and Semi Quantified34ng/LAffoltern,Zwillikon
    External Links
    DrugBank IDDB06288
    HMDB IDHMDB0015633
    FooDB IDNot Available
    Phenol Explorer IDNot Available
    KNApSAcK IDNot Available
    BiGG IDNot Available
    BioCyc IDNot Available
    METLIN IDNot Available
    PDB IDNot Available
    Wikipedia LinkAmisulpride
    Chemspider ID2074
    ChEBI ID64045
    PubChem Compound ID2159
    Kegg Compound IDNot Available
    YMDB IDNot Available
    ECMDB IDNot Available
    References
    Synthesis ReferenceNot Available
    MSDSNot Available
    General References
    1. Leucht S, Pitschel-Walz G, Engel RR, Kissling W: Amisulpride, an unusual "atypical" antipsychotic: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Psychiatry. 2002 Feb;159(2):180-90.
    2. Rosenzweig P, Canal M, Patat A, Bergougnan L, Zieleniuk I, Bianchetti G: A review of the pharmacokinetics, tolerability and pharmacodynamics of amisulpride in healthy volunteers. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2002 Jan;17(1):1-13.
    3. Weizman T, Pick CG, Backer MM, Rigai T, Bloch M, Schreiber S: The antinociceptive effect of amisulpride in mice is mediated through opioid mechanisms. Eur J Pharmacol. 2003 Oct 8;478(2-3):155-9.
    4. Moller HJ: Amisulpride: limbic specificity and the mechanism of antipsychotic atypicality. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2003 Oct;27(7):1101-11.
    5. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=21176108
    6. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=21647545
    7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=21663752
    8. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=21746752
    9. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=21822161
    10. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=21845006
    11. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=21852060
    12. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=21886905
    13. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=21888613
    14. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=21969105
    15. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=22035899
    16. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=22059694
    17. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=22121864
    18. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=22241281
    19. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=22250612